肉

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See also: 内
肉 U+8089, 肉
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8089
← 肈
[U+8088] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 肊 →
[U+808A]
⾁ U+2F81, ⾁
KANGXI RADICAL MEAT
← ⾀
[U+2F80] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾂ →
[U+2F82]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms[edit]

  • ⺼ U+2EBC (when used as a left Chinese radical in compositions)

The left component form ⺼ looks very similar to ⺝, the left radical form of 月 (“moon”), and is often drawn identically in compounds. However they are etymologically distinct, and careful usage distinguishes the cross strokes, with ⺼ written with unattached diagonal strokes. This is particularly an issue in looking up characters by radical; compare 月 index and 肉 index.

The radical form ⺼ may also appear twisted to a diagonal, resembling 夕 with an added line, as in 祭, 然, and 將.

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 130 肉

肉 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人月人 (OBO), four-corner 40227, composition ⿵内人 or ⿻冂仌)

  1. Kangxi radical #130, ⾁.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 973, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29236
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1424, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2931, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8089

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 肉
alternative forms
 
宍
𥤬
𠕜
𡧢
𠕎
宍
𥤬
𠕜
𡧢
𠕎
𮌇

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 肉
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
Characters in the same phonetic series (肉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
朒 *nuɡ
肉 *njuɡ

Pictogram (象形) – ribs of an animal’s torso or simply a physical representation of a slice of meat.

Etymology 1[edit]

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft; flexible”), 揉 (OC *mju, “to knead”), 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nja-k (“meat, flesh”) (STEDT).

"media"
Back-formation from 生肉 (shēngròu). See there for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • rou4 - literary;
  • ru2 - vernacular.
  • Cantonese
  • Gan
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • jio̍k, lio̍k - literary;
    • he̍k, hia̍k - vernacular.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 肉
    Mandarin Beijing /ʐou⁵¹/
    Harbin /ʐou⁵³/
    Tianjin /iou⁵³/
    /ʐou⁵³/
    Jinan /ʐou²¹/
    Qingdao /iou⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʐou³¹²/
    Xi'an /ʐou⁴⁴/
    Xining /ʐɯ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /ʐəu¹³/
    Lanzhou /ʐou¹³/
    Ürümqi /ʐɤu²¹³/
    Wuhan /nəu²¹³/
    Chengdu /zu³¹/
    /zəu¹³/
    Guiyang /zu²¹/
    Kunming /ʐəu²¹²/
    /ʐu³¹/
    Nanjing /ʐəɯ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ʐɯ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /zəu⁴⁵/ 豬～
    /zuəʔ²/ ～桂
    Pingyao /ʐəu³⁵/
    Hohhot /ʐəu⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ȵioʔ¹/
    Suzhou /ȵioʔ³/
    Hangzhou /zoʔ²/
    Wenzhou /ȵɤu²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /niu²²/
    Tunxi /ȵiu¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ʐəu²⁴/
    Xiangtan /iəɯ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /ȵiuʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋiuk̚¹/
    Taoyuan /ŋiuk̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /jok̚²/
    Nanning /juk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /jʊk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /liɔk̚⁵/
    /hik̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /nyʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ny⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /nek̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hiɔk̚³/
    Rime
    Character 肉
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 日 (38)
    Final (韻) 東 (4)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 如六切
    Baxter nyuwk
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ȵɨuk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ȵiuk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȵʑiuk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ȵuwk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȵiuk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȵʑĭuk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȵʑi̯uk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		rù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		juk6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 肉
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		ròu
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ nyuwk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*k.nuk/
    English meat, flesh

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 肉
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 10866
    Phonetic
    component         		肉
    Rime
    group         		覺
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		肉
    Old
    Chinese         		/*njuɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    肉

    1. meat; flesh
      豬肉／猪肉  ―  zhūròu  ―  pork
      牛肉  ―  niúròu  ―  beef
      我從不吃肉。／我从不吃肉。  ―  Wǒ cóngbù chī ròu.  ―  I never eat meat.
      這種魚的肉異常鮮美。 [MSC, trad.]
      这种鱼的肉异常鲜美。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè zhǒng yú de ròu yìcháng xiānměi. [Pinyin]
      The flesh of this kind of fish has exceptional delicacy.
      不久，鬣狗便可飽餐一頓這些死了的動物的肉。 [MSC, trad.]
      不久，鬣狗便可饱餐一顿这些死了的动物的肉。 [MSC, simp.]
      Bùjiǔ, liègǒu biànkě bǎocānyīdùn zhèxiē sǐ le de dòngwù de ròu. [Pinyin]
      Soon, the hyenas could then feast on the flesh of these dead animals.
    2. (specifically) pork
      肉三鮮的餃子／肉三鲜的饺子  ―  ròusānxiān de jiǎozi  ―  three delicious ingredient pork dumpling
      蒜薹炒肉  ―  suàntái chǎo ròu  ―  garlic chive and pork stir-fry
    3. body
      肉體／肉体  ―  ròutǐ  ―  physical body
    4. flesh; pulp
      這桃子肉味甜汁多。 [MSC, trad.]
      这桃子肉味甜汁多。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè táozi ròu wèi tián zhī duō. [Pinyin]
      The flesh of the peach was sweet and juicy.
    5. (ACG) media; video
      生肉  ―  shēngròu  ―  raws (not fansubbed videos or clips)
      熟肉  ―  shúròu  ―  localized, subbed, or dubbed media
      烤肉  ―  kǎoròu  ―  localized, subbed, or dubbed media, with detailed effects

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 肉

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (肉):
    • → Japanese: 肉(にく) (niku)
    • → Korean: 육(肉) (yuk)
    • → Vietnamese: nhục (肉)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    肉

    1. (archaic) edge; brim; an outer part of a ring-shaped object (such as coin or jade annulus)
    2. (archaic, of sound and music) rich; substantial
    3. (dialectal Mandarin) spongy; squashy; flabby
      這西瓜瓤兒太肉了。 [MSC, trad.]
      这西瓜瓤儿太肉了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè xīguā rángr tài ròu le. [Pinyin]
      The pulp of this watermelon is too spongy.
    4. (dialectal Mandarin) slow; sluggish
      這個人做事真肉。／这个人做事真肉。  ―  Zhè ge rén zuòshì zhēn ròu.  ―  This person does everything sluggishly.

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (肉):

    Etymology 3[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 肉
    alternative forms 脈／脉
    𬁲

    Unclear. Reminiscent of 脢 (OC *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs, “dorsal meat”) (Schuessler, 2007).

    Alternatively, it may be of substrate origin. Compare (Deng, 1994):

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Note: chiefly overseas.

    Definitions[edit]

    肉 (Hokkien, Teochew)

    1. meat; flesh
      豬肉／猪肉 [Hokkien]  ―  ti-bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  pork
      牛肉 [Hokkien]  ―  gû-bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  beef
    2. (specifically) pork
      肉骨 [Hokkien]  ―  bah-kut [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  pork ribs
    3. flesh; pulp
      龍眼乾肉／龙眼干肉 [Hokkien]  ―  lêng-géng-koaⁿ bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  flesh of dried longan
    4. main part of an object
      刀肉 [Hokkien]  ―  to-bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  blade of a knife or sword

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    肉

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. flesh, meat

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    肉
    しし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sisi. Not used in isolation in modern Japanese. Persists in compounds.

    Cognate with 獣 (shishi, “beast, especially one used for meat”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    肉(しし) • (shishi) 

    1. (obsolete) meat
    2. (obsolete) flesh, as of one's body
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 16, poem 3885); text here:
        吾宍者 御奈麻須波夜志
        我(わ)が肉(しし)はみ膾(なます)はやし
        wa ga shishi wa mi-namasu hayashi
        use my flesh for your side-dish
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    肉
    にく
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 肉 (*njiuk). Compare modern Min Nan 肉 (jiok8) or Hakka 肉 (ngiuk7).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    肉(にく) • (niku) 

    1. meat, the muscle and fat tissue of an animal used as food
    2. the flesh of an animal
    3. the flesh of a fruit or vegetable
    4. one's body, as opposed to spirit
    5. the thickness of a thing
      板(いた)の肉(にく)
      ita no niku
      the thickness of a board
    6. (figurative) the flesh or meat of something, such as an idea, structure, or argument
      議(ぎ)論(ろん)に肉(にく)をつける
      giron ni niku o tsukeru
      to put some meat on an argument, to flesh out an argument
    7. an ink pad, a stamp pad
    8. (theater, kabuki) short for 肉襦袢 (niku juban): flesh-toned undergarments worn by actors and shown when the character has to display their skin
    Synonyms[edit]
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    肉 (eumhun 고기 육 (gogi yuk))

    1. Hanja form? of 육 (“meat, flesh”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    肉: Hán Nôm readings: nhục[1], nậu, nhụ

    1. (only in compounds) chữ Hán form of nhục (“flesh”).

    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Trần (1999).
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