祭

Translingual

Etymology

Historical forms of the character 祭
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Large seal script	Small seal script

Ideogrammic compound (會意): ⺼ ‎(“meat”) + 又 ‎(“hand”) + 示 ‎(“altar, ceremony”) – the hand offers a piece of meat at the altar during a ceremony.

Note that the top is not 癶. The left part is ⺼ twisted to the left (compare 將, 然). The right part (which looks like 又 without the tail to the left) actually a simplified form of hand, which was written originally like 屮 (three fingers on the arm), with the tail tilted to the right and the leftmost fingers disappearing).

In Japanese handwriting, the diagonals of the upper right component cross: the short upper-right to lower-left stroke crosses the long upper-left to lower-right stroke, rather than abutting there.

Han character

祭 (radical 113 示+6, 11 strokes, cangjie input 月人一一火 (BOMMF), four-corner 2790₁)

Derived characters

• 傺 㡜 際 (际) 摖 漈 憏 暩 磜 穄 縩 鰶 蔡 察 瘵

References

• KangXi: page 843, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24700
• Dae Jaweon: page 1263, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2397, character 7
• Unihan data for U+796D

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		祭

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jì (ji⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zai³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chi
• Min Nan (POJ): chè

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: jì
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
    • Wade-Giles: chih⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zai³
    • Yale: jai
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzai³
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ji
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ji⁴
    • IPA: /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
    • Tâi-lô: tsè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zex
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se²¹/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 祭
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕi⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕi⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕi⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕi²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡si⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡si³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕi²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡si⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡sz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕi³⁵/ /t͡sei³⁵/ ～先人
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡si⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sei⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡si³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/t͡se⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡si⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/t͡si⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡si⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/t͡si⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sɐi³³/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐi³³/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sɐi³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/t͡se²¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/t͡si²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/t͡si³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡si²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡si³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /t͡siᴇi^H/, /t͡ʃˠɛi^H/▼

Rime
Character	祭	祭
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	莊 (18)
Final (韻)	祭 (35)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	子例切	側界切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siᴇiH/	/t͡ʃˠɛiH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɛiH/	/ʈ͡ʂᵚæiH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sjæiH/	/t͡ʃɐiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡siajH/	/ʈ͡ʂəɨjH/
Li Rong	/t͡siɛiH/	/t͡ʃɛiH/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭɛiH/	/t͡ʃɐiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ɛiH/	/ʈ͡ʂăiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì	zhài

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[ts]et-s/, /*[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsreːds/, /*ʔsleds/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	祭	祭
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jì	zhài
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjejH ›	‹ tsrɛjH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]et-s/	/*[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s/
English	sacrifice	(name of a state)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	祭	祭
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	5838	5839
Phonetic component	祭	祭
Rime group	祭	祭
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	瘵	祭
Old Chinese	/*ʔsreːds/	/*ʔsleds/

Noun

祭

1. a ceremony where one offers sacrifices to one's ancestors

Verb

祭

1. to make offerings to, to sacrifice to, to worship

References

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典)
• (Min Nan) “Entry #7709”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

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Japanese

Kanji

祭

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. festival

Readings

• Goon: さい (sai)
• Kan’on: せい (sei)
• Kun: まつる (matsuru), まつり (matsuri)

Derived terms

• 祭 (まつ)り ‎(matsuri)

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Korean

Hanja

祭 • ‎(je, chae) (hangeul 제, 채, revised je, chae, McCune-Reischauer che, ch'ae, Yale cey, chay)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

祭 (tế, sái)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.