然
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
然 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 月大火 (BKF), four-corner 23333, composition ⿱⿰𱼀犬灬)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 675, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19149
- Dae Jaweon: page 1086, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2213, character 5
- Unihan data for U+7136
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 然 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 然 | |
| 2nd round simp. | ⿱犬一 | |
| alternative forms | 𤉷 𤟙 嘫 㸐／𬊾 𤓉 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 然 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *njen): phonetic 肰 (OC *njen, “dog meat”) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to burn. Also ideogrammic compound (會意). The derivative 燃 (OC *njen) stands for the original word in Modern Chinese.
Note that the upper left component is analyzed as 肉 (meat), and in the component 肰 it is drawn as a tilted 月 (“moon”), appearing more like 夕 (“evening”) with an extra stroke; compare 祭, 將.
Etymology[edit]
A fusion of 如 (OC *nja, *njas) with an element *-n which has a demonstrative meaning (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
然
- † Original form of 燃 (rán, “to burn”).
- 凡有四端於我者，知皆擴而充之矣，若火之始然，泉之始達。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Fán yǒu sìduān yú wǒ zhě, zhī jiē kuò ér chōng zhī yǐ, ruò huǒ zhī shǐ rán, quán zhī shǐ dá. [Pinyin]
- Since all men have these four principles in themselves, let them know to give them all their development and completion, and the issue will be like that of fire which has begun to burn, or that of a spring which has begun to find vent.
凡有四端于我者，知皆扩而充之矣，若火之始然，泉之始达。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † so; thus; in this manner; like this
- 然後／然后 ― ránhòu ― then [lit. after things turn out this way]
- 不然 ― bùrán ― or else, otherwise [lit. not so]
- 非然也。 [Classical Chinese] ― Fēi rán yě. [Pinyin] ― It is not so. / That is not how it is.
- 子曰：「何必高宗，古之人皆然。」 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ yuē: “Hé bì Gāo Zōng, gǔ zhī rén jiē rán.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "Why must Gao Zong be referred to as an example of this? The ancients were all like this.
- † Suffix forming adverbs, sometimes also adjectives, with an abstract meaning of “in the manner of, like”.
- † but
- 然而 ― rán'ér ― but
- 吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之過也。然鄭亡，子亦有不利焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Wú bùnéng zǎo yòng zǐ, jīn jí ér qiú zǐ, shì guǎrén zhī guò yě. Rán Zhèng wáng, zǐ yì yǒu bùlì yān. [Pinyin]
- That I was not able to employ you earlier, and now beg your help in my straits, I acknowledge to be my fault. But if Zheng perish, you also will suffer loss.
吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之过也。然郑亡，子亦有不利焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † correct; right
- † to regard as correct; to agree
- (Teochew) to resemble; to be like
Synonyms[edit]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 似 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 像 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 像 |
| Yantai (Muping) | 像 | |
| Wanrong | 像 | |
| Wuhan | 像 | |
| Chengdu | 像 | |
| Guilin | 像 | |
| Malaysia | 像 | |
| Singapore | 像 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 似 |
| Hong Kong | 似 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 似 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 似 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 像 |
| Lichuan | 像 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 像 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 像 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 像 |
| Taipei | 像 | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 像 | |
| Kaohsiung | 像 | |
| Yilan | 像 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 像 | |
| Taichung | 像 | |
| Tainan | 像 | |
| Hsinchu | 像 | |
| Kinmen | 像 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 像 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 𫝛, macam | |
| Chaozhou | 然 | |
| Shantou | 然 | |
| Jieyang | 然 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 然, macam | |
| Batam (Teochew) | 然, macam | |
| Haikou | 像 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 像 |
| Wu | Danyang | 像 |
| Ningbo | 像, 像人家, 像家 | |
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 然
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Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
然
- and; and then; and therefore
- so; if so; as it is; in that way
- however; but
- a certain thing; a sort of thing
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
- Kun: しか (shika, 然); しかり (shikari, 然り); しかし (shikashi, 然し); しかも (shikamo, 然も); もえる (moeru, 然える); しかれども (shikaredomo, 然れども); しかして (shikashite, 然して); さ (sa, 然)
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
- 靄然 (aizen, literally “mist-like”): gentle; serene
- 唖然 (azen)
- 一目瞭然 (ichimokuryōzen)
- 愕然 (gakuzen)
- 砉然 (kekizen)
- 毅然 (kizen)
- 偶然 (gūzen): coincidence
- 公然 (kōzen)
- 自然 (shizen): nature; natural; naturally
- 全然 (zenzen)
- 騒然 (sōzen)
- 泰然自若 (taizenjijaku)
- 徒然 (tsurezure)
- 天然 (tennen)
- 当然 (tōzen): naturally, matter of course
- 同然 (dōzen): just like; the same as; as good as
- 突然 (totsuzen)
- 判然 (hanzen): clearness
- 必然 (hitsuzen)
- 呆然 (bōzen)
- 未然 (mizen)
- 慄然, りつ然 (ritsuzen): horrified
Etymology[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 然 |
| ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 然 (nyen, “-like”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
- indicates a state (no specific semantic content)
References[edit]
- Halpern, Jack: New Japanese-English Character Dictionary -Kenkyusha 1990
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
然 (eumhun 그러할 연 (geureohal yeon))
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-も
- Japanese kanji with kun reading も-える
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-れども
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-して
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さ
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