亡

亡 U+4EA1, 亡 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1 ← 亠 [U+4EA0] CJK Unified Ideographs 亢 → [U+4EA2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

亡 (radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 0071₀, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK))

References

• KangXi: page 88, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
• Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
• Unihan data for U+4EA1

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		亡
alternative forms		亾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 亡
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j27316 j27317 j27318 j27319 j27320 j27321 j27322 j27323 j27324 j27325 j27326 j27327 j27328 j27329 j27330 j27331 j27332 j27333 j27334 j27335 j27336 j27337 j27338 j27339 j27340 j27341 j27342 j27343 j27344 j27345 j27346 j27347 j27348 j27349 j27350 j27351 j27352 j27353 j27354 j27355 j27356 j27357 j27358 j27359 j27360 j27361 j27362 j27363 j27364 j27365 j27366 j27367 j27368 j27369 j27370 j27371 j27372 j27373 j27374 j27375 j27376 j27377 j27378 j27379 j27380 j27381 j27382 j27383 j27384 j27385 j27386 j27387 j27388 j27389 j27390 j27391 j27392 j27393 j27394 j27395 j27396 j27397 j27398 j27399 j27400 j27401 j27402 j27403 j27404 j27405 j27406 j27407 j27408 j27409 j27410 j27411 j27412 j27413 j27414 j27415 j27416 j27417 j27418 j27419 j27420 j27421 j27422 j27423 j27424 j27425 j27426 j27427 j27428 j27429 j27430 j27431 j27432 j27433 j27434 j27435 j27436 j27437 j27438 j27439 j27440 j27441 j27442 j27443 j27444 j27445 j27446 j27447 j27448 j27449 j27450 j27451 j27452 j27453 j27454 j27455 j27456 j27457 j27458 j27459 j27460 j27461 j27462 j27463 j27464 j27465 j27466 j27467 j27468 j27469 j27470 Bronze inscriptions b17680 b17681 b17682 b17683 b17684 b17685 b17686 b17687 b17688 b17689 b17690 b17691 b17692 b17693 b17694 b17695 b17696 b17697 b17698 b17699 b17700 b17701 b17702 b17703 b17704 b17705 b17706 b17707 b17708 b17709 b17710 b17711 b17712 b17713 Small seal script s09433 Transcribed ancient scripts L32570 L32571 L09148 L09149
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
忙	*maːŋ
芒	*maːŋ, *maŋ
茫	*maːŋ
恾	*maːŋ
吂	*maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒	*maːŋ, *maŋs
朚	*maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙	*maːŋ, *maŋ
杗	*maːŋ, *maŋ
荒	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓	*hmaːŋ
衁	*hmaːŋ
巟	*hmaːŋ
詤	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊	*hmaːŋʔ
喪	*smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡	*maŋ
望	*maŋ, *maŋs
莣	*maŋ
朢	*maŋ, *maŋs
鋩	*maŋ
硭	*maŋ
忘	*maŋ, *maŋs
网	*mlaŋʔ
罔	*mlaŋʔ
蛧	*maŋʔ
網	*mlaŋʔ
輞	*maŋʔ
棢	*maŋʔ
惘	*maŋʔ
菵	*maŋʔ
誷	*maŋʔ
魍	*maŋʔ
妄	*maŋs
盲	*mraːŋ
蝱	*mraːŋ
虻	*mraːŋ
氓	*mraːŋ
甿	*mraːŋ

Ideogram (指事): a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wáng (wang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mong⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): mòng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): mong²

• Min Dong (BUC): uòng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): bông

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhuang⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): vaan (T3); maan (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: wáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄤˊ
    • Wade–Giles: wang2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wang
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: mong⁴
    • Yale: mòhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mong⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mong⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔːŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòng
    • Hakka Romanization System: mongˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mong²
    • Sinological IPA: /moŋ¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: mong²
    • Sinological IPA: /mɔŋ¹¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông
    • Tâi-lô: bông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boong
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhuang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /buaŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: vaan (T3); maan (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /v̻ɑ̃²³/, /mɑ̃²³/

Note:

• 3maan - vernacular;
• 3vaan - literary.

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• Middle Chinese: /mʉɐŋ/

Rime
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	武方切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mʉɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muaŋ/
Li Rong	/miuaŋ/
Wang Li	/mĭwaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/miwaŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wáng

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wáng
Middle Chinese	‹ mjang ›
Old Chinese	/*maŋ/
English	flee; disappear; die
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
No.	12662
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	亡
Old Chinese	/*maŋ/

Definitions

亡

1. to flee

   逃亡  ―  táowáng  ―  to flee

2. to lose

   亡佚  ―  wángyì  ―  to be lost

   亡羊補牢 / 亡羊补牢  ―  wángyángbǔláo  ―  to repair the pen after sheep is lost

3. to die; to perish

   死亡  ―  sǐwáng  ―  to die

   滅亡 / 灭亡  ―  mièwáng  ―  to perish

4. deceased

   亡妻  ―  wángqī  ―  deceased wife

5. ^† Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 亡

• 三戶亡秦／三户亡秦
• 不學亡術／不学亡术
• 亡人
• 亡人自存
• 亡化
• 亡命 (wángmìng)
• 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
• 亡國／亡国 (wángguó)
• 亡國之音／亡国之音 (wángguó zhī yīn)
• 亡國奴／亡国奴 (wángguónú)
• 亡失
• 亡戟得矛
• 亡故 (wánggù)
• 亡是公
• 亡歿／亡殁
• 亡母 (wángmǔ)
• 亡父 (wángfù)
• 亡羊
• 亡羊得牛
• 亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢 (wángyángbǔláo)
• 亡者 (wángzhě)
• 亡血家
• 亡身短命
• 亡逝
• 亡鄉失土／亡乡失土
• 亡靈／亡灵 (wánglíng)
• 亡魂 (wánghún)
• 亡魂喪膽／亡魂丧胆
• 亡魂喪魄／亡魂丧魄
• 亡魂失魄
• 人亡家破
• 人亡政息
• 人亡物在
• 人琴俱亡
• 傷亡／伤亡 (shāngwáng)
• 傷亡枕藉／伤亡枕借
• 傾亡／倾亡 (qīngwáng)
• 兵敗將亡／兵败将亡
• 凋亡 (diāowáng)
• 出亡 (chūwáng)
• 危亡 (wēiwáng)
• 名存實亡／名存实亡 (míngcúnshíwáng)
• 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng)
• 喪膽亡魂／丧胆亡魂

• 國破家亡／国破家亡 (guópòjiāwáng)
• 多歧亡羊
• 多藏厚亡
• 大逃亡
• 夭亡
• 失馬亡羊／失马亡羊
• 存亡 (cúnwáng)
• 存亡未卜
• 存亡絕續／存亡绝续
• 存亡繼絕／存亡继绝
• 宣告死亡
• 家敗人亡／家败人亡
• 家破人亡 (jiāpòrénwáng)
• 家破身亡
• 悔之亡及
• 悼亡
• 悼亡詩／悼亡诗
• 招亡納叛／招亡纳叛
• 推亡固存
• 救亡 (jiùwáng)
• 救亡圖存／救亡图存 (jiùwángtúcún)
• 敗亡／败亡
• 敗國亡家／败国亡家
• 日飲亡何／日饮亡何
• 暴病身亡
• 有名亡實／有名亡实
• 未亡人 (wèiwángrén)
• 梏亡
• 橫亡／横亡
• 歧路亡羊 (qílùwángyáng)
• 死亡 (sǐwáng)
• 死亡學／死亡学 (sǐwángxué)
• 死亡宣告
• 死亡無日／死亡无日
• 死亡率 (sǐwánglǜ)
• 死亡登記／死亡登记
• 死亡約會／死亡约会
• 死亡給付／死亡给付
• 死亡證明／死亡证明
• 死生存亡
• 殫亡／殚亡
• 治亂存亡／治乱存亡
• 治亂興亡／治乱兴亡

• 流亡 (liúwáng)
• 流亡政府
• 流亡曲
• 流連荒亡／流连荒亡
• 淪亡／沦亡 (lúnwáng)
• 滅亡／灭亡 (mièwáng)
• 烏龜亡八／乌龟亡八
• 父母雙亡／父母双亡
• 牽亡／牵亡 (qiānwáng)
• 牽亡歌／牵亡歌
• 牽亡陣／牵亡阵
• 生死存亡 (shēngsǐcúnwáng)
• 病亡
• 瞰亡
• 祭亡如在
• 空亡
• 繼絕存亡／继绝存亡
• 繼絕興亡／继绝兴亡
• 脣亡齒寒／唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
• 臧穀亡羊／臧谷亡羊
• 自取滅亡／自取灭亡 (zìqǔmièwáng)
• 興亡／兴亡 (xīngwáng)
• 興亡繼絕／兴亡继绝
• 興廢存亡／兴废存亡
• 若存若亡
• 若有所亡
• 荒亡
• 虢滅虞亡／虢灭虞亡
• 衰亡 (shuāiwáng)
• 覆亡 (fùwáng)
• 身亡 (shēnwáng)
• 車毀人亡／车毁人亡
• 追亡逐北 (zhuīwángzhúběi)
• 逃亡 (táowáng)
• 逃亡潮
• 逃亡者
• 進退存亡／进退存亡
• 關亡／关亡
• 陣亡／阵亡 (zhènwáng)
• 雙亡／双亡 (shuāngwáng)
• 魂亡膽落／魂亡胆落
• 魚爛而亡／鱼烂而亡
• 齒亡舌存／齿亡舌存

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wú (wu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: wú
    • Zhuyin: ㄨˊ
    • Wade–Giles: wu2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wu
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: mou⁴
    • Yale: mòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯²¹/

Definitions

亡

1. ^† Alternative form of 無／无 (wú, “not have”).

   • 夷狄之有君，不如諸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě. [Pinyin]

     The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.

   • 司馬牛憂曰：「人皆有兄弟，我獨亡。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     司马牛忧曰：“人皆有兄弟，我独亡。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Sīmǎ Niú yōu yuē: “Rén jiē yǒu xiōngdì, wǒ dú wú.” [Pinyin]

     Sima Niu, full of anxiety, said, "Other men all have their brothers, I only have not."

2. ^† Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”).
3. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) ^† poor

References

• 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

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Japanese

Kanji

亡

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. destroy
2. fall; collapse
3. not exist; nonexistent
4. run away

Readings

• Go-on: もう (mō, Jōyō ^†)^{←まう (mau, historical)}
• Kan-on: ぼう (bō, Jōyō)^{←ばう (bau, historical)}
• Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō); なき (naki, 亡き); ほろぶ (horobu, 亡ぶ); ほろびる (horobiru, 亡びる); ほろぼす (horobosu, 亡ぼす)

As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):

• Go-on: む (mu)
• Kan-on: ぶ (bu)
• Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō); なき (naki, 亡き)

Compounds

Compound words that contain 亡

Common

• 死(し)亡(ぼう) (shibō)
• 亡(ぼう)夫(ふ) (bōfu)
• 亡(ぼう)父(ふ) (bōfu)
• 存(そん)亡(ぼう) (sonbō)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう) (tōbō)
• 亡(なき)骸(がら) (nakigara)
• 亡(ぼう)命(めい) (bōmei)
• 亡(ぼう)霊(れい) (bōrei)
• 滅(めつ)亡(ぼう) (metsubō)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)者(しゃ) (shibōsha)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)率(りつ) (shibōritsu)
• 未(み)亡(ぼう)人(じん) (mibōjin)
• 亡(な)くなる (nakunaru)

Uncommon

• 亡(ぼう)柿(し) (bōshi)
• 亡(ぼう)子(し) (bōshi)
• 亡(ぼう)児(じ) (bōji)
• 亡(ぼう)婦(ふ) (bōfu)
• 亡(ぼう)母(ぼ) (bōbo)
• 興(こう)亡(ぼう) (kōbō)
• 衰(すい)亡(ぼう) (suibō)
• 損(そん)亡(ぼう) (sonbō)
• 敗(はい)亡(ぼう) (haibō)
• 亡(ぼう)君(くん) (bōkun)
• 亡(ぼう)兄(けい) (bōkei)
• 亡(ぼう)国(こく) (bōkoku)
• 亡(ぼう)魂(こん) (bōkon)

• 亡(ぼう)妻(さい) (bōsai)
• 亡(ぼう)失(しつ) (bōshitsu)
• 亡(ぼう)親(しん) (bōshin)
• 亡(ぼう)弟(てい) (bōtei)
• 亡(ぼう)八(はち) (bōhachi)
• 亡(ぼう)妹(まい) (bōmai)
• 亡(ぼう)友(ゆう) (bōyū)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)地(ち) (shibōchi)
• 亡(な)き後(あと) (nakiato)
• 亡(な)き人(ひと) (nakihito)
• 亡(な)き者(もの) (nakimono)
• 亡(ぼう)状(じょう) (bōjō)
• 流(りゅう)亡(ぼう) (ryūbō)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)記(き)事(じ) (shibōkiji)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)者(しゃ) (tōbōsha)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)犯(はん) (tōbōhan)
• 亡(ぼう)命(めい)者(しゃ) (bōmeisha)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)時(じ)刻(こく) (shibōjikoku)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)届(とどけ) (shibōtodoke)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)保(ほ)険(けん) (shibōhoken)
• 胎(たい)児(じ)死(し)亡(ぼう) (taijishibō)
• 多(た)岐(き)亡(ぼう)羊(よう) (takibōyō)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)中(ちゅう) (tōbōchū)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)広(こう)告(こく) (shibōkōkoku)

Rare

• 陰(おん)亡(ぼう) (onbō)
• 亡(な)き魂(たま) (nakitama)

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Korean

Hanja

亡 • (mang, mu) (hangeul 망, 무)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation