Jump to content

ない

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Old Japanese. The adjectivizing suffix appears to derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb (nu). Compare also なふ (nafu), modern なう (nau).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

ない (-nai-i (adverbial なく (-naku))

  1. (no longer productive) used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state
    (せつ)ない(いと)ない、ぎこちない
    setsunai, itokenai, gikochinai
    very moving, really young of manner, having clumsiness
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
Alternative spellings
無い
亡い

From the (れん)(たい)(けい) (rentaikei, attributive form) of Early Middle Japanese adjective () (nashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adjective

[edit]

ない (nai-i (adverbial なく (naku))

  1. no, not any, without
    スプーンが()
    Supūn ga nai.
    There is no spoon.
  2. not reaching a certain quantity, less than
    (かい)(がん)まで100(ひゃく)メートルとない
    Kaigan made hyaku mētoru to nai.
    The coast is less than 100 meters away from here.
  3. (by extension) 亡い: passed away, dead
    (わたし)()(もの)(かんが)えてください。
    Watashi wa nai mono to kangaete kudasai.
    Suppose I were a dead person.
Usage notes
[edit]
Inflection
[edit]
  • When with the そう (-sō) suffix, it is なさそう (nasasō) instead of なそう (nasō).

Etymology 3

[edit]

As a suffix, first appears in texts from the late Muromachi period as an eastern-dialect term.

Various etymologies are proposed:

  • From ancient eastern-dialect negative ending なふ (nafu) (perhaps through intermediate form nafi/nahi).
    • There is a sizable gap of time between the apparent disappearance of nafu in the Heian period and the emergence of nai in the late Muromachi period, several centuries later.[1] Moreover, nafu conjugated as a verb, whereas nai conjugates as an adjective.
That said, both nafu and nai may derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb (nu), with the negative sense possibly originating from the ()(ぜん)(けい) (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of the verb stem, to which these endings attach.
  • From the adjective ない (nai) (etymology 2).
    • The nai auxiliary conjugates as a regular -i adjective just like the adjective nai in modern Japanese, but the patterns for the auxiliary were originally different from the adjective. In the Edo period, the auxiliary conjugated irregularly, including nanda instead of modern nakatta (past), and naikereba instead of modern nakereba (conditional).[1]
  • Derived directly from the negative suffix (-nu).
    • The conjugation pattern for the negative suffix (nu) was irregular, and not at all similar to the adjectival conjugation of modern ない (nai). Speculatively, the classical adjective-forming ending -き (-ki) could have been appended to the irrealis form -な (-na) of the negative suffix (nu).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • In Tokyo accent, the accent of the verb construction depends on the suffixed verb:[2]
    • If the suffixed verb is accented, the accent falls on the final mora in the ()(ぜん)(けい) (mizenkei) stem. E.g.  [tsùkúꜜrù] (Nakadaka) → くらない [tsùkúráꜜnàì] (Nakadaka).
    • If the suffixed verb is non-accented, the result:
      • is non-accented if the suffix takes the following forms: ない (nai), ない (nai to), ないつもり (nai tsumori da), ないはず (nai hazu da), ない()(あい) (nai baai)
      • has an accent falling on the first mora of the suffix, viz. [na], if the suffix takes the following forms: ないから (nai kara), ない (nai ka), ないでしょう (nai deshō), ない (nai de), ない (nai no…), ない (nai shi), ないなら (nai nara), なくて (nakute), なかった (nakatta), なければ (nakereba)
      • has an accent falling later in patterns like ないこと… [náí kótóꜜ …], ないよう… [náí yóꜜò …], ないそう… [náí sóꜜò …], ないほう… [náí hóꜜò …], ないらしい [náí ráshíꜜì]
    • There are a few exceptions like (おそ)() (osoreiru): れいる [òsóꜜrèìrù] (Nakadaka) → れいらない [òsóꜜrèìrànàì] (Nakadaka)

Suffix

[edit]

ない (-nai-i (adverbial なく (-naku))

  1. Used to form the negative of verbs: not, don't
    (がっ)(こう)()ない
    Gakkō ni ikanai.
    I don't go to school.
    ()してくれないか。
    Kashite kurenai ka.
    Won't you lend me [some money]?
Usage notes
[edit]
Inflection
[edit]
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (rare, archaic) (-nu)
  • (very casual or archaic and dialectal) (-n)
  • (Kansai) へん (-hen)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Online Japanese Accent Dictionary (OJAD)