Jump to content

ない

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

    From Old Japanese. The adjectivizing suffix appears to derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb (nu). Compare also cognate Old Japanese and classical suffix なふ (nafu), modern なう (nau).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Suffix

    [edit]

    ない (-nai-i (adverbial なく (-naku))

    1. (no longer productive) used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state
      (せつ)ない(いと)ない、ぎこちない
      setsunai, itokenai, gikochinai
      very moving, really young of manner, having clumsiness
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

      Alternative spellings
      無い
      亡い

      From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

      Pronunciation

      [edit]
      • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of ない
      Plain ない [náꜜì]
      Conjunctive なくて くて [náꜜkùtè]
      Continuative なく [náꜜkù]
      Negative なくない く・ [náꜜkù náꜜì]
      Past なかった かった [náꜜkàttà]
      Negative past なくなかった く・かった [náꜜkù náꜜkàttà]
      Conditional なければ ければ [náꜜkèrèbà]
      Terminal ない [náꜜì]
      Formal ないです いです [náꜜì dèsù]

      Adjective

      [edit]

      ない (nai-i (adverbial なく (naku))

      1. nonexistent, not existing, not there, no
        スプーンないSupūn ga nai.There is no spoon.
        (わたし)テーブル(うえ)(たし)()いたリンゴない
        Watashi ga tēburu no ue ni tashika ni oita ringo ga nai.
        The apple I know I put on the table is not there.
      2. (of an event) not occuring, not happening, not being done
        今日(きょう)()(ごと)ないKyō wa shigoto ga nai.I don't have work today.
      3. not possessed, not having, unavailable for one to use
        (かね)ないOkane ga nai.I have no money.
      4. not reaching a certain quantity, less than
        (かい)(がん)まで100(ひゃく)メートルない
        Kaigan made hyaku mētoru to nai.
        The coast is less than 100 meters away from here.
      5. (by extension) 亡い: passed away, dead
        (わたし)()(もの)(かんが)えてください。
        Watashi wa nai mono to kangaete kudasai.
        Suppose I were a dead person.
      6. unparalleled, unmatched
        (Can we add an example for this sense?)
      7. (with こと (koto))
        1. (with a past verb + こと (koto)) expresses that one hasn't experienced something before
          そんなもの()ことがない
          Sonna mono wa mita koto ga nai.
          I have never seen something like that (before).
        2. (with a non-past verb + こと (koto)) expresses that there is no need to do something
          (なに)(いそ)ことはないよ。Nani mo isogu koto wa nai yo.There's no need to rush.
      8. (auxiliary) used to negate adjectives and (da)
        あまり(たか)ないAmari takaku nai.It's not that high.
      Usage notes
      [edit]
      Inflection
      [edit]
      Inflection of ない
      Stem forms
      Imperfective (未然形) なかろ nakaro
      Continuative (連用形) なく naku
      Terminal (終止形) ない nai
      Attributive (連体形) ない nai
      Hypothetical (仮定形) なけれ nakere
      Imperative (命令形) なかれ nakare
      Key constructions
      Informal negative なくない naku nai
      Informal past なかった nakatta
      Informal negative past なくなかった naku nakatta
      Formal ないです nai desu
      Formal negative なくないです naku nai desu
      Formal past なかったです nakatta desu
      Formal negative past なくなかったです naku nakatta desu
      Conjunctive なくて nakute
      Conditional なければ nakereba
      Provisional なかったら nakattara
      Volitional なかろう nakarō
      Adverbial なく naku
      Degree なさ nasa
      Classical conjugation of "なし" (ク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
      Stem forms
      Irrealis (未然形) なく[1]
      なから[2]
      naku
      nakara
      Continuative (連用形) なく[1]
      なかり[2]
      naku
      nakari
      Terminal (終止形) なし nasi
      Attributive (連体形) なき
      なかる
      naki
      nakaru
      Realis (已然形) なけれ nakere
      Imperative (命令形) なかれ nakare
      Key constructions
      Negative なからず nakarazu
      Contrasting conjunction なけれど nakeredo
      Causal conjunction なければ nakereba
      Conditional conjunction なくば nakuba
      Past tense (firsthand knowledge) なかりき nakariki
      Past tense (secondhand knowledge) なかりけり nakarikeri
      Adverbial なく naku

      [1]Without auxiliary verb.
      [2]With auxiliary verb.

      Synonyms
      [edit]
      Antonyms
      [edit]

      Etymology 3

      [edit]


        As a suffix, first appears in texts from the late Muromachi period as an eastern-dialect term.

        Various etymologies are proposed:

        • From ancient eastern-dialect negative ending なふ (nafu) (perhaps through intermediate form nafi/nahi).
          • There is a sizable gap of time between the apparent disappearance of negative auxiliary suffix nafu in the Heian period and the emergence of nai as a suffix in the late Muromachi period, several centuries later.[5] Moreover, nafu conjugated as a verb, whereas nai conjugates as an adjective.
        That said, both nafu and nai may derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb (nu), with the negative sense possibly originating from the ()(ぜん)(けい) (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of the verb stem, to which these endings attach.
        • From the adjective ない (nai) (etymology 2).
          • The nai auxiliary conjugates as a regular -i adjective just like the adjective nai in modern Japanese, but the patterns for the auxiliary were originally different from the adjective. In the Edo period, the auxiliary conjugated irregularly, including nanda instead of modern nakatta (past), and naikereba instead of modern nakereba (conditional).[5]
        • Derived directly from the negative suffix (-nu).
          • The conjugation pattern for the negative suffix (nu) was irregular, and not at all similar to the adjectival conjugation of modern ない (nai). Speculatively, the classical adjective-forming ending -き (-ki) could have been appended to the irrealis form -な (-na) of the negative suffix (nu).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • In Tokyo accent, the accent of the verb construction depends on the suffixed verb:[6]
          • If the suffixed verb is accented, the accent falls on the final mora in the ()(ぜん)(けい) (mizenkei) stem. E.g.  [tsùkúꜜrù] (Nakadaka) → くらない [tsùkúráꜜnàì] (Nakadaka).
          • If the suffixed verb is non-accented, the result:
            • is non-accented if the suffix takes the following forms: ない (nai), ない (nai to), ないつもり (nai tsumori da), ないはず (nai hazu da), ない()(あい) (nai baai)
            • has an accent falling on the first mora of the suffix, viz. [na], if the suffix takes the following forms: ないから (nai kara), ない (nai ka), ないでしょう (nai deshō), ない (nai de), ない (nai no…), ない (nai shi), ないなら (nai nara), なくて (nakute), なかった (nakatta), なければ (nakereba)
            • has an accent falling later in patterns like ないこと… [náí kótóꜜ …], ないよう… [náí yóꜜò …], ないそう… [náí sóꜜò …], ないほう… [náí hóꜜò …], ないらしい [náí ráshíꜜì]
          • There are a few exceptions like (おそ)() (osoreiru): れいる [òsóꜜrèìrù] (Nakadaka) → れいらない [òsóꜜrèìrànàì] (Nakadaka)

        Suffix

        [edit]

        ない (-nai-i (adverbial なく (-naku))

        1. Used to form the negative of verbs: not, don't
          (がっ)(こう)()ない
          Gakkō ni ikanai.
          I don't go to school.
          ()してくれないか。
          Kashite kurenai ka.
          Won't you lend me [some money]?
        Usage notes
        [edit]
        Inflection
        [edit]
        Inflection of ない
        Stem forms
        Imperfective (未然形) なかろ nakaro
        Continuative (連用形) なく naku
        Terminal (終止形) ない nai
        Attributive (連体形) ない nai
        Hypothetical (仮定形) なけれ nakere
        Imperative (命令形) なかれ nakare
        Key constructions
        Informal negative なくない naku nai
        Informal past なかった nakatta
        Informal negative past なくなかった naku nakatta
        Formal ないです nai desu
        Formal negative なくないです naku nai desu
        Formal past なかったです nakatta desu
        Formal negative past なくなかったです naku nakatta desu
        Conjunctive なくて nakute
        Conditional なければ nakereba
        Provisional なかったら nakattara
        Volitional なかろう nakarō
        Adverbial なく naku
        Degree なさ nasa
        Synonyms
        [edit]
        • (rare, archaic) (-nu)
        • (very casual or archaic and dialectal) (-n)
        • (Kansai) へん (-hen)

        See also

        [edit]
        Japanese basic inflections
        Verbs -i adjectives nouns and -na adjectives
        Nonpast Plain Affirmative Use the dictionary form stem + (-i) noun + (da)
        (noun + ある (de aru))
        Negative mizenkei + ない (-nai) stem + ない (-ku nai) noun + ない (de [wa] nai)
        Polite Affirmative ren'yōkei + ます (-masu) stem + です (-i desu) noun + です (desu)
        Negative ren'yōkei + ませ (-masen) stem + ないです (-ku nai desu)
        stem + ありませ (-ku arimasen)
        noun + ないです (de [wa] nai desu)
        noun + ありませ (de [wa] arimasen)
        Past Plain Affirmative ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + (-ta) stem + かっ (-katta) noun + だっ (datta)
        (noun + あっ (de atta))
        Negative mizenkei + なかっ (-nakatta) stem + なかっ (-ku nakatta) noun + なかっ (de [wa] nakatta)
        Polite Affirmative ren'yōkei + まし (-mashita) stem + かっです (-katta desu) noun + でし (deshita)
        Negative ren'yōkei + ませでし (-masen deshita) stem + なかっです (-ku nakatta desu)
        stem + ありませでし (-ku arimasen deshita)
        noun + なかっです (de [wa] nakatta desu)
        noun + ありませでし (de [wa] arimasen deshita)
        Volitional Plain mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + (-u > -o)
        mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō)
        †stem + かろ (-karō)
        (stem + だろ (-i darō))
        noun + だろ (darō)
        (noun + あろ (de arō))
        Polite ren'yōkei + ましょ (-mashō) (stem + でしょ (-i deshō)) noun + でしょ (deshō)
        Conjunctive ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + (-te) stem + (-kute) noun + (de)
        (noun + あっ (de atte))
        Hypothetical conditional kateikei + (-ba) stem + けれ (-kereba) (noun + あれ (de areba))

        References

        [edit]
        1. ^ 無い”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
        2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
        3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
        4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (2016), NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
        5. 5.0 5.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
        6. ^ Online Japanese Accent Dictionary (OJAD)