五段活用

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Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
五 段 活 用
ご
Grade: 1 		だん
Grade: 6 		かつ
Grade: 2 		よう
Grade: 2
on’yomi goon kan’on
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Etymology[edit]

Compound of 五段 (godan, “quintigrade, five-grade”) +‎ 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).

Literally, 五段 (godan, “five grades”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. It means five vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "five-voweled conjugation".

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Tokyo) ごだんか​つよー [gòdáń káꜜtsùyòò] (Nakadaka – [4])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ɡo̞dã̠ŋ ka̠t͡sɨᵝjo̞ː]

Noun[edit]

五(ご)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (godan katsuyō) ←ごだんくわつよう (godan kwatuyou)?

  1. (grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of five alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, -e, and -o
    An extension of the earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class.
    The fifth base, -o, is a pseudo-base derived from the suffix う (-u) attaching to the irrealis conjugation stem that ends in -a, resulting in あう (-au), which phonologically regularly elides into [oː].
未然形
Irrealis 		連用形
Adverbial 		終止形
Conclusive 		連体形
Attributive 		仮定形
Conditional 		命令形
Imperative
書く (kak-, “to write”) 書か (kaka)
書こ (kako-) 		書き (kaki)
書い (kai-) 		書く (kaku) 書く (kaku) 書け (kake) 書け (kake)
立つ (tat-, “to stand”) 立た (tata)
立と (tato-) 		立ち (tachi)
立っ (ta'-) 		立つ (tatsu) 立つ (tatsu) 立て (tate) 立て (tate)
読む (yom-, “to read”) 読ま (yoma)
読も (yomo-) 		読み (yomi)
読ん (yon-) 		読む (yomu) 読む (yomu) 読め (yome) 読め (yome)

Related terms[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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