書く
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
書 |
か Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Glyph origin
[edit]Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 書 (shū, “to write”).
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Cognate with 掻く (kaku, “to scratch”) (letters were originally scratched or carved into wood in order to write).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「書く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
書く | かく | [káꜜkù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 書け | かけ | [káꜜkè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 書かれる | かかれる | [kàkáréꜜrù] |
Causative | 書かせる | かかせる | [kàkáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 書ける | かける | [kàkéꜜrù] |
Volitional | 書こう | かこー | [kàkóꜜò] |
Negative | 書かない | かかない | [kàkáꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 書かなかった | かかなかった | [kàkáꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 書きます | かきます | [kàkímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 書いた | かいた | [káꜜìtà] |
Conjunctive | 書いて | かいて | [káꜜìtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 書けば | かけば | [káꜜkèbà] |
Verb
[edit]書く • (kaku) transitive godan (stem 書き (kaki), past 書いた (kaita))
- to write; to record (words, figures) on the surface of (something)
- 昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。
- Kinō Chen-san wa toshokan de repōto o kaite imashita.
- Mr. Chen was writing a report at the library yesterday.
- 昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。
- to compose; to put (an idea, etc) into words
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "書く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 書か | かか | kaka |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 書き | かき | kaki |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 書く | かく | kaku |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 書く | かく | kaku |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 書け | かけ | kake |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 書け | かけ | kake |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 書かれる | かかれる | kakareru |
Causative | 書かせる 書かす |
かかせる かかす |
kakaseru kakasu |
Potential | 書ける | かける | kakeru |
Volitional | 書こう | かこう | kakō |
Negative | 書かない | かかない | kakanai |
Negative continuative | 書かず | かかず | kakazu |
Formal | 書きます | かきます | kakimasu |
Perfective | 書いた | かいた | kaita |
Conjunctive | 書いて | かいて | kaite |
Hypothetical conditional | 書けば | かけば | kakeba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 書か | かか | kaka |
Continuative (連用形) | 書き | かき | kaki |
Terminal (終止形) | 書く | かく | kaku |
Attributive (連体形) | 書く | かく | kaku |
Realis (已然形) | 書け | かけ | kake |
Imperative (命令形) | 書け | かけ | kake |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 書かず | かかず | kakazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 書けど | かけど | kakedo |
Causal conjunction | 書けば | かけば | kakeba |
Conditional conjunction | 書かば | かかば | kakaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 書きき | かきき | kakiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 書きけり | かきけり | kakikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 書きつ | かきつ | kakitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 書きぬ | かきぬ | kakinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 書けり 書きたり |
かけり かきたり |
kakeri kakitari |
Volitional | 書かむ | かかむ | kakamu |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- 掻く (kaku)
References
[edit]- ^ “書・描”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 書 read as か
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms borrowed from Literary Chinese
- Japanese orthographic borrowings from Literary Chinese
- Japanese terms derived from Literary Chinese
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -ku
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples