書く
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 書 |
| か Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Cognate with 掻く (kaku, “to scratch”) (letters were originally scratched or carved into wood in order to write); compare English write, from Proto-West Germanic *wrītan (“to scratch, carve”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 書く
| Plain | 書く | かく | [káꜜkù] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 書いて | かいて | [káꜜìtè] |
| Perfective | 書いた | かいた | [káꜜìtà] |
| Negative | 書かない | かかない | [kàkáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 書かなかった | かかなかった | [kàkáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 書けば | かけば | [káꜜkèbà] |
| Past conditional | 書いたら | かいたら | [káꜜìtàrà] |
| Imperative | 書け | かけ | [káꜜkè] |
| Volitional | 書こう | かこー | [kàkóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 書きたい | かきたい | [kàkítáꜜì] |
| Formal | 書きます | かきます | [kàkímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 書きません | かきません | [kàkímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 書きましょう | かきましょー | [kàkímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 書きました | かきました | [kàkímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 書き 書きに |
かき かきに |
[káꜜkì] [káꜜkì nì] |
| Negative continuative | 書かず 書かずに |
かかず かかずに |
[kàkáꜜzù] [kàkáꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 書かれる | かかれる | [kàkáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 書かせる 書かす |
かかせる かかす |
[kàkáséꜜrù] [kàkáꜜsù] |
| Potential | 書ける | かける | [kàkéꜜrù] |
Verb
[edit]書く • (kaku) transitive godan (stem 書き (kaki), past 書いた (kaita))
- to write; to record (words, figures) on the surface of (something)
- 昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。
- Kinō Chen-san wa toshokan de repōto o kaite imashita.
- Mr. Chen was writing a report at the library yesterday.
- 昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。
- to compose; to put (an idea, etc) into words
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 書か | かか | kaka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 書き | かき | kaki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 書かれる | かかれる | kakareru |
| Causative | 書かせる 書かす |
かかせる かかす |
kakaseru kakasu |
| Potential | 書ける | かける | kakeru |
| Volitional | 書こう | かこう | kakō |
| Negative | 書かない | かかない | kakanai |
| Negative continuative | 書かず | かかず | kakazu |
| Formal | 書きます | かきます | kakimasu |
| Perfective | 書いた | かいた | kaita |
| Conjunctive | 書いて | かいて | kaite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 書けば | かけば | kakeba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 書か | かか | kaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 書き | かき | kaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Realis (已然形) | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 書かず | かかず | kakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 書けど | かけど | kakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 書けば | かけば | kakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 書かば | かかば | kakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 書きき | かきき | kakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 書きけり | かきけり | kakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 書きつ | かきつ | kakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 書きぬ | かきぬ | kakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 書けり 書きたり |
かけり かきたり |
kakeri kakitari |
| Volitional | 書かむ | かかむ | kakamu |
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into さ in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 書かせられる → 書かされる. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- 掻く (kaku)
References
[edit]- ^ “書・描”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- “書く”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 書 read as か
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -ku
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples