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U+3060, だ
HIRAGANA LETTER DA
Composition: [U+305F] + ◌゙ [U+3099]

[U+305F]
Hiragana
[U+3061]

Japanese

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Stroke order
6 strokes

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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The hiragana character (ta) with a dakuten ().

Syllable

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(da

  1. The hiragana syllable (da). Its equivalent in katakana is (da).
See also
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Etymology 2

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  • Forms beginning with or : From the particle (de) or である (de aru). The lemma form itself is a contraction of であ, clipping of である (de aru).
  • Forms beginning with : From classical Japanese なる (naru), whence Modern Japanese (na, na-inflection ending).

Verb

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(da

  1. (auxiliary) Following parts of speech that do not inflect by themselves, including nouns, na-adjectives, adverbs and postpositional phrases.
    1. to be
      (かれ)()(じつ)
      Kare wa mujitsu da.
      He is innocent.
      (ふゆ)(やす)みは明日(あした)から
      Fuyu yasumi wa ashita kara da.
      Winter vacation is from tomorrow. (Winter vacation starts from tomorrow.)
      (わたし)()(ども)だった(ころ)
      watashi ga kodomo datta koro
      when I was a child
      ()(じん)(やさ)しい(ひと)
      bijin de yasashii hito
      a person who is beautiful and kind
      (だい)(がく)(せい)ならこれくらいはできるはずです
      Daigakusei nara kore kurai wa dekiru hazu desu.
      This should be easy for a college student.
    2. should; be obliged to; ought to
      ()(ぶつ)(しょう)(どく)
      Obutsu wa shōdoku da.
      The filth should be disinfected.
      ()わり
      Okawari da.
      (Of a second helping) one more please.
      ()()()るんじゃない
      Nido to kuru n ja nai!
      Never come again!
  2. (auxiliary) Some forms also follow inflectable words.
    1. です follows i-adjectives, as the standard polite terminal form for i-adjectives.
      (おそ)ですね。
      Osoi desu ne.
      You are too slow.
    2. だろう / でしょう / なら can follow any inflectable word, forming suppletive volitional/polite volitional/conditional forms.
      ()なら()るな!
      Nomu nara noru na!
      If you are to drink, don't drive!
      (かれ)はきっと(せい)(こう)するだろう
      Kare wa kitto seikō suru darō.
      He will surely succeed.
  3. (auxiliary) Not following any words, but used before some conjunctives or in some inflected forms, to represent the aforementioned statement.
    (やま)をなめてはいけない。でないと()んじゃうよ。
    Yama o namete wa ikenai. De nai to shinjau yo.
    Don't underestimate the difficulty of mountaineering. If you do, you could die.
Usage notes
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  • is the only commonly used modern Japanese verb with the terminal form (終止形) distinct from the attributive form (連体形). As relative clauses in Japanese are syntactically equivalent to attributives, relative clauses must end in the attributive form. Thus , as a terminal form, cannot appear at the end of a relative clause. The following forms are used instead of in such places:
  • Use after nouns, adverbs or prepositional phrases. But use before the nominalizer .
(がく)(せい)アリス
gakusei no Arisu
Alice, who is a student
ここまであらすじ
koko made no arasuji
the plot summary up to now
(あと)(あじ)すっきりのが(とく)(ちょう)です。
Atoaji mo sukkiri na no ga tokuchō desu.
That the aftertaste is refreshing too is its distinguishing feature.
今日(きょう)(やす)ので(はや)()きしてなかった。
Kyō wa yasumi na no de hayaoki shite nakatta.
I didn't get up early because it is a holiday today.
  • Use after a na-adjective.
(じっ)()(ゆう)(ふく)友人(ゆうじん)
jikka ga yūfuku na yūjin
a friend whose family is rich
  • Alternatively, である can be used when following nouns and denoting the meaning "to be".
(がく)(せい)であるアリス
gakusei de aru Arisu
Alice, who is a student
  • This word is phonologically an enclitic, similar to particles. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, auxiliary verb) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Conjugation
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Synonyms
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  • である (de aru)
  • (ya) (Kansai dialect)
  • じゃ (ja) (Some western dialects. Also used in archaic speech in fictional characters or as slang)
  • じゃい (jai) (dialect or slang)
See also
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Etymology 3

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Pronoun

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(da

  1. (Tsugaru) who
    Synonym: (standard Japanese) だれ (dare)
    • 2018, 青森県警察 [Aomori Prefectural Police], 方言を活用した広報標語: 交通事故防止広報 [1]
      な、だば (つう)じなければ 偽息子(にせむすこ)
      na, da daba tsūjinakereba nise-musuko
      (Tsugaru and standard Japanese) "Who are you? [in Tsugaru dialect]" — if he doesn't understand, that's not your son