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ます

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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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(まゐ)らす (mairasu)まらす (marasu)まっす (massu)ます (masu)

The -ます ending is generally believed to have come from the Old Japanese auxiliary verb (まゐ)らす (mairasu, to humbly do something for a superior), with idiomatic use arising from the causative conjugation of 参る (mairu, to come or go to the place of a social superior, humble verb; ancient reading mawiru).[1][2]

The intermediate forms まらす (marasu) and まっす (massu) were valid as both (しも)()(だん)(かつ)(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō) conjugations and (ぎょう)(へん)(かく)(かつ)(よう) (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō) conjugations, even though they originally came from a purely (しも)()(だん)(かつ)(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō) conjugation, leading to constructions off the (れん)(よう)(けい) (ren'yōkei) in the modern paradigm for -ます using the -まし stem.

Pronunciation

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  • In Tokyo speech, the accent falls somewhere in the suffix, regardless of the accent type of the suffixed verb:[3]
    • If the suffix is in the form ます (-masu) or ました (-mashita, past/perfective form), the accent of the verb construction falls on the first mora of the suffix.
    • If the suffix is in the form ましょう (-mashō, volitional/conjectural form) or ません (-masen, negative form), the accent of the verb construction falls on the second mora of the suffix.
  • There are a few exceptions like 恐れ入る: れいる [òsóꜜrèìrù] (Nakadaka) → れいります [òsóꜜrèìrìmàsù] (Nakadaka).

Suffix

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ます (-masu

Alternative spellings
在す
坐す (rare, dated)
  1. expresses politeness toward and distance from the listener: vaguely similar to the social context indicated by the usted verb conjugation in Spanish, the vous conjugation in French, or the Sie conjugation in German
  2. (rare, humble) to do; expresses humbleness
Usage notes
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Conjugation
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Conjugation of "ます" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 在せ ませ -mase
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 在し まし -mashi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 在す ます -masu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 在す ます -masu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 在すれ ますれ -masure
Meireikei ("imperative") 在せ
在し
ませ¹
まし¹
-mase¹
-mashi¹
Key constructions
Passive
Causative
Potential
Volitional 在しょう ましょう -mashō
Negative 在せん ません -masen
Negative continuative 在せず ませず -masezu
Formal
Perfective 在した ました -mashita
Conjunctive 在して まして -mashite
Hypothetical conditional 在すれば ますれば -masureba

¹ Only used with honorific verbs

Classical forms:

Classical conjugation of "ます" (サ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) ませ mase
Continuative (連用形) ませ mase
Terminal (終止形) ます masu
Attributive (連体形) まする masuru
Realis (已然形) ますれ masure
Imperative (命令形) ませよ maseyo
Key constructions
Negative ませず masezu
Contrasting conjunction ますれど masuredo
Causal conjunction ますれば masureba
Conditional conjunction ませば maseba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) ませき maseki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) ませけり masekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) ませつ masetu
Perfect tense (natural event) ませぬ masenu
Perfect-continuative tense ませたり masetari
Volitional ませむ masemu
Classical conjugation of "ます" (サ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) ませ mase
Continuative (連用形) まし masi
Terminal (終止形) ます masu
Attributive (連体形) まする masuru
Realis (已然形) ますれ masure
Imperative (命令形) ませよ maseyo
Key constructions
Negative ませず masezu
Contrasting conjunction ますれど masuredo
Causal conjunction ますれば masureba
Conditional conjunction ませば maseba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) ましき masiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) ましけり masikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) ましつ masitu
Perfect tense (natural event) ましぬ masinu
Perfect-continuative tense ませり
ましたり
maseri
masitari
Volitional ませむ masemu

Alternative form (to do):

Conjugation of "まする" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") まし mashi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") まし mashi
Shūshikei ("terminal") まする masuru
Rentaikei ("attributive") まする masuru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") ますれ masure
Meireikei ("imperative") せよ¹
しろ²
maseyo¹
mashiro²
Key constructions
Passive まされる masareru
Causative させる
まさす
masaseru
masasu
Potential できる madekiru
Volitional ましよう mashiyō
Negative ましない mashinai
Negative continuative ませず masezu
Formal まします mashimasu
Perfective ました mashita
Conjunctive まして mashite
Hypothetical conditional ますれば masureba

¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Derived terms
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See also
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Japanese basic inflections
Verbs -i adjectives nouns and -na adjectives
Nonpast Plain Affirmative Use the dictionary form stem + (-i) noun + (da)
(noun + ある (de aru))
Negative mizenkei + ない (-nai) stem + ない (-ku nai) noun + ない (de [wa] nai)
Polite Affirmative ren'yōkei + ます (-masu) stem + です (-i desu) noun + です (desu)
Negative ren'yōkei + ませ (-masen) stem + ないです (-ku nai desu)
stem + ありませ (-ku arimasen)
noun + ないです (de [wa] nai desu)
noun + ありませ (de [wa] arimasen)
Past Plain Affirmative ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + (-ta) stem + かっ (-katta) noun + だっ (datta)
(noun + あっ (de atta))
Negative mizenkei + なかっ (-nakatta) stem + なかっ (-ku nakatta) noun + なかっ (de [wa] nakatta)
Polite Affirmative ren'yōkei + まし (-mashita) stem + かっです (-katta desu) noun + でし (deshita)
Negative ren'yōkei + ませでし (-masen deshita) stem + なかっです (-ku nakatta desu)
stem + ありませでし (-ku arimasen deshita)
noun + なかっです (de [wa] nakatta desu)
noun + ありませでし (de [wa] arimasen deshita)
Volitional Plain mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + (-u > -o)
mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō)
†stem + かろ (-karō)
(stem + だろ (-i darō))
noun + だろ (darō)
(noun + あろ (de arō))
Polite ren'yōkei + ましょ (-mashō) (stem + でしょ (-i deshō)) noun + でしょ (deshō)
Conjunctive ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + (-te) stem + (-kute) noun + (de)
(noun + あっ (de atte))
Hypothetical conditional kateikei + (-ba) stem + けれ (-kereba) (noun + あれ (de areba))

Etymology 2

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The kana spelling of several native words.

Definitions

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For pronunciation and definitions of ます – see the following entries.
J
[noun] trout, sea trout: more specifically, fish belonging to genera of the family Salmonidae: Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Coregonus, or Salvelinus
Alternative spelling
マス
H
[noun] masu (square wooden box)
[noun] cell of a grid
Alternative spellings
, , , マス
増す
[verb] to increase
[verb] (of water) to rise
Alternative spelling
益す
(This term, ます (masu), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as ます, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ます.

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: .)

References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Online Japanese Accent Dictionary (OJAD)