食べる
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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食 |
た Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern.[1][2]
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
Most likely cognate with 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).
Compare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「食べる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
食べる | たべる | [tàbéꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 食べろ | たべろ | [tàbéꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | [tàbéráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 食べさせる | たべさせる | [tàbésáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 食べられる | たべられる | [tàbéráréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 食べよう | たべよー | [tàbéyóꜜò] |
Negative | 食べない | たべない | [tàbéꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 食べなかった | たべなかった | [tàbéꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 食べます | たべます | [tàbémáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 食べた | たべた | [táꜜbètà] |
Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | [táꜜbètè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | [tàbéꜜrèbà] |
Verb
[edit]食べる • (taberu) transitive ichidan (stem 食べ (tabe), past 食べた (tabeta))
- to eat
- (archaic, humble) to eat or drink
- 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 594:
- Tabe, uru, eta. タベ, ブル, ベタ (食べ, ぶる, べた) 食う, または, 飲む.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
[edit]Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 食べ | たべ | tabe | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 食べ | たべ | tabe | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 食べる | たべる | taberu | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 食べる | たべる | taberu | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 食べれ | たべれ | tabere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 食べよ¹ 食べろ² |
たべよ¹ たべろ² |
tabeyo¹ tabero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | taberareru | |
Causative | 食べさせる 食べさす |
たべさせる たべさす |
tabesaseru tabesasu | |
Potential | 食べられる 食べれる³ |
たべられる たべれる³ |
taberareru tabereru³ | |
Volitional | 食べよう | たべよう | tabeyō | |
Negative | 食べない 食べぬ 食べん |
たべない たべぬ たべん |
tabenai tabenu taben | |
Negative continuative | 食べず | たべず | tabezu | |
Formal | 食べます | たべます | tabemasu | |
Perfective | 食べた | たべた | tabeta | |
Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | tabete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | tabereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Extended conjugation of taberu "食べる" (Class: shimo ichidan "lower monograde") | ||
---|---|---|
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation) | ||
Ren’yōkei / Verb stem | 食べ [tabe] | |
Rentaikei / Attributive | 食べる [taberu] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Conjunctive (te-form) | 食べて [tabete] | 食べないで [tabenai de], 食べなくて [tabenakute] |
Non-past / Imperfective | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べる [taberu] | 食べない [tabenai] |
Polite | 食べます [tabemasu] | 食べません [tabemasen] |
Past / Perfective | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べた [tabeta] | 食べなかった [tabenakatta] |
Polite | 食べました [tabemashita] | 食べませんでした [tabemasen deshita] |
Passive | ||
Verb stem | 食べられ [taberare] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べられる [taberareru] | 食べられない [taberarenai] |
Polite | 食べられます [taberaremasu] | 食べられません [taberaremasen] |
Past / Perfective | 食べられた [taberareta] | 食べられなかった [taberarenakatta] |
Polite past / perfective | 食べられました [taberaremashita] | 食べられませんでした [taberaremasen deshita] |
Causative | ||
Verb stem | 食べさせ [tabesase] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べさせる [tabesaseru], short form: 食べさす [tabesasu] |
食べさせない [tabesasenai] |
Polite | 食べさせます [tabesasemasu] | 食べさせません [tabesasemasen] |
Past / Perfective | 食べさせた [tabesaseta] | 食べさせなかった [tabesasenakatta] |
Polite past / perfective | 食べさせました [tabesasemashita] | 食べさせませんでした [tabesasemasen deshita] |
Potential | ||
Verb stem | 食べられ [taberare] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べられる [taberareru] | 食べられない [taberarenai] |
Polite | 食べられます [taberaremasu] | 食べられません [taberaremasen] |
Past / Perfective | 食べられた [taberareta] | 食べられなかった [taberarenakatta] |
Polite past / perfective | 食べられました [taberaremashita] | 食べられませんでした [taberaremasen deshita] |
Potential with ra-nuki | ||
Verb stem | 食べれ [tabere] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べれる [tabereru] | 食べれない [taberenai] |
Polite | 食べれます [taberemasu] | 食べれません [taberemasen] |
Past / Perfective | 食べれた [tabereta] | 食べれなかった [taberenakatta] |
Polite past / perfective | 食べれました [taberemashita] | 食べれませんでした [taberemasen deshita] |
Imperative | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Meireikei / Firm instruction | written: 食べよ [tabeyo], spoken: 食べろ [tabero] |
prohibitive: 食べるな [taberu na] |
Polite | 食べてください [tabete kudasai] | 食べないでください [tabenai de kudasai] |
-nasai form | 食べなさい [tabenasai] | — |
Volitional / Presumptive | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べよう [tabeyō] | — |
Polite | 食べましょう [tabemashō] | — |
Conditional | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Hypothetical / Provisional | 食べれば [tabereba] | 食べなければ [tabenakereba], colloquial: 食べなきゃ [tabenakya] |
-tara form | 食べたら [tabetara] | 食べなかったら [tabenakattara] |
Causative passive | ||
Verb stem | 食べさせられ [tabesaserare] | |
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べさせられる [tabesaserareru] | 食べさせられない [tabesaserarenai] |
Polite | 食べさせられます [tabesaseraremasu] | 食べさせられません [tabesaseraremasen] |
Past / Perfective | 食べさせられた [tabesaserareta] | 食べさせられなかった [tabesaserarenakatta] |
Polite past / perfective | 食べさせられました [tabesaseraremashita] | 食べさせられませんでした [tabesaseraremasen deshita] |
Desiderative (-tai form) | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べたい [tabetai] | 食べたくない [tabetaku nai] |
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection. | ||
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form) | ||
Positive | Negative | |
Plain | 食べている [tabete iru] contraction: 食べてる [tabeteru] |
食べていない [tabete inai] contraction: 食べてない [tabetenai] |
Polite | 食べています [tabete imasu] | 食べていません [tabete imasen] |
Past / Perfective | 食べていた [tabete ita] | 食べていなかった [tabete inakatta] |
Polite past / perfective | 食べていました [tabete imashita] | 食べていませんでした [tabete imasen deshita] |
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “食”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
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