Jump to content

食べる

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

[edit]
Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Etymology

[edit]

From earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, to (humbly) receive or get, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan) or lower bigrade conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, to (deign to) give, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan) or quadrigrade conjugation pattern.[1][2]

Most likely cognate with 給う (tamau, to give, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).

Compare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, to receive) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「食べる
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
食べる [tàbéꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 食べろ [tàbéꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive 食べられる べられ [tàbéráréꜜrù]
Causative 食べさせる べさせ [tàbésáséꜜrù]
Potential 食べられる べられ [tàbéráréꜜrù]
Volitional 食べよう べよ [tàbéyóꜜò]
Negative 食べない ない [tàbéꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 食べなかった なかった [tàbéꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 食べます べま [tàbémáꜜsù]
Perfective 食べた べた [táꜜbètà]
Conjunctive 食べて べて [táꜜbètè]
Hypothetical conditional 食べれば れば [tàbéꜜrèbà]

Verb

[edit]

()べる (taberutransitive ichidan (stem () (tabe), past ()べた (tabeta))

  1. to eat
    (はん)()べる
    go-han o taberu
    to eat a meal
    (はし)()べる
    hashi de taberu
    to eat with chopsticks
    今日(きょう)は、寿()()()(ぎん)()()きます
    Kyō wa, sushi o tabe ni Ginza ni ikimasu.
    I'll go to Ginza today to eat sushi.
    ()べていくため
    tabeteiku tame ni
    in order to make a living (lit. in order to keep eating)
  2. (archaic, humble) to eat or drink
    • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 594:
      Tabe, uru, eta. タベ, ブル, ベタ (食べ, ぶる, べた) 食う, または, 飲む.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation

[edit]
Extended conjugation of taberu "食べる" (Class: shimo ichidan "lower monograde")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei / Verb stem 食べ [tabe]
Rentaikei / Attributive 食べる [taberu]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) 食べて [tabete] 食べない [tabenai de],
食べなくて [tabenakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain 食べる [taberu] 食べない [tabenai]
Polite 食べます [tabemasu] 食べません [tabemasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain 食べた [tabeta] 食べなかった [tabenakatta]
Polite 食べました [tabemashita] 食べませんでした [tabemasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem 食べられ [taberare]
Positive Negative
Plain 食べられる [taberareru] 食べられない [taberarenai]
Polite 食べられます [taberaremasu] 食べられません [taberaremasen]
Past / Perfective 食べられ [taberareta] 食べられなかった [taberarenakatta]
Polite past / perfective 食べられました [taberaremashita] 食べられませんでした [taberaremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem 食べさせ [tabesase]
Positive Negative
Plain 食べさせる [tabesaseru],
short form: 食べさす [tabesasu]
食べさせない [tabesasenai]
Polite 食べさせます [tabesasemasu] 食べさせません [tabesasemasen]
Past / Perfective 食べさせ [tabesaseta] 食べさせなかった [tabesasenakatta]
Polite past / perfective 食べさせました [tabesasemashita] 食べさせませんでした [tabesasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem 食べられ [taberare]
Positive Negative
Plain 食べられる [taberareru] 食べられない [taberarenai]
Polite 食べられます [taberaremasu] 食べられません [taberaremasen]
Past / Perfective 食べられ [taberareta] 食べられなかった [taberarenakatta]
Polite past / perfective 食べられました [taberaremashita] 食べられませんでした [taberaremasen deshita]
Potential with ra-nuki
Verb stem 食べ [tabere]
Positive Negative
Plain 食べれる [tabereru] 食べれない [taberenai]
Polite 食べれます [taberemasu] 食べれません [taberemasen]
Past / Perfective 食べれ [tabereta] 食べれなかった [taberenakatta]
Polite past / perfective 食べれました [taberemashita] 食べれませんでした [taberemasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction written: 食べよ [tabeyo],
spoken: 食べろ [tabero]
prohibitive: 食べる [taberu na]
Polite 食べてください [tabete kudasai] 食べないください [tabenai de kudasai]
-nasai form 食べなさい [tabenasai]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain 食べよう [tabeyō]
Polite 食べましょう [tabemashō]
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional 食べれば [tabereba] 食べなければ [tabenakereba],
colloquial: 食べなきゃ [tabenakya]
-tara form 食べたら [tabetara] 食べなかったら [tabenakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem 食べさせられ [tabesaserare]
Positive Negative
Plain 食べさせられる [tabesaserareru] 食べさせられない [tabesaserarenai]
Polite 食べさせられます [tabesaseraremasu] 食べさせられません [tabesaseraremasen]
Past / Perfective 食べさせられ [tabesaserareta] 食べさせられなかった [tabesaserarenakatta]
Polite past / perfective 食べさせられました [tabesaseraremashita] 食べさせられませんでした [tabesaseraremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain 食べたい [tabetai] 食べたくない [tabetaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain 食べている [tabete iru]
contraction: 食べてる [tabeteru]
食べていない [tabete inai]
contraction: 食べない [tabetenai]
Polite 食べています [tabete imasu] 食べていません [tabete imasen]
Past / Perfective 食べていた [tabete ita] 食べていなかった [tabete inakatta]
Polite past / perfective 食べていました [tabete imashita] 食べていませんでした [tabete imasen deshita]
Other forms and suffixes
Archaic or classical negative 食べ [tabenu] ¹
Archaic attributive negative
-ぬ contraction (colloquial negative) 食べ [taben]
Negative continuative 食べ [tabezu] ¹
(〜): without 〜ing
Listing examples (-tari form) 食べたり [tabetari]
¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.


Synonyms

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN