食べる
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 食 |
| た Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From earlier Old Japanese form 食ぶ (tabu, “to (humbly) receive or get”, from a superior), a verb with the 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) conjugation pattern. This was the humble form of 賜ぶ, 給ぶ (tabu, “to (deign to) give”, to an inferior), a verb with the full 四段 (yodan, “quadrigrade”) conjugation pattern.[1][2]
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
Most likely related to 給う (tamau, “to give”, as a superior gives a thing to, or does something for, an inferior).
Compare the historical development of meaning from “to humbly receive” → “to eat”, with the modern use of the humble verb 頂く (itadaku, “to receive”) just before eating, in a sense of “I humbly receive this food.”
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 食べる
| Plain | 食べる | たべる | [tàbéꜜrù] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | [táꜜbètè] |
| Perfective | 食べた | たべた | [táꜜbètà] |
| Negative | 食べない | たべない | [tàbéꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 食べなかった | たべなかった | [tàbéꜜnàkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | [tàbéꜜrèbà] |
| Past conditional | 食べたら | たべたら | [táꜜbètàrà] |
| Imperative | 食べろ 食べよ |
たべろ たべよ |
[tàbéꜜrò] [tàbéꜜyò] |
| Volitional | 食べよう | たべよー | [tàbéyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 食べたい | たべたい | [tàbétáꜜì] |
| Formal | 食べます | たべます | [tàbémáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 食べません | たべません | [tàbémáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 食べましょう | たべましょー | [tàbémáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 食べました | たべました | [tàbémáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 食べ 食べに |
たべ たべに |
[táꜜbè] [táꜜbè nì] |
| Negative continuative | 食べず 食べずに |
たべず たべずに |
[tàbéꜜzù] [tàbéꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | [tàbéráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 食べさせる 食べさす |
たべさせる たべさす |
[tàbésáséꜜrù] [tàbésáꜜsù] |
| Potential | 食べられる 食べれる |
たべられる たべれる |
[tàbéráréꜜrù] [tàbéréꜜrù] |
Verb
[edit]食べる • (taberu) transitive ichidan (stem 食べ (tabe), past 食べた (tabeta))
- to eat
- to make a living
- (archaic, humble) to eat or drink
- 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 594:
- Tabe, uru, eta. タベ, ブル, ベタ (食べ, ぶる, べた) 食う, または, 飲む.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 食べ | たべ | tabe |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 食べ | たべ | tabe |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 食べる | たべる | taberu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 食べる | たべる | taberu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 食べれ | たべれ | tabere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 食べよ¹ 食べろ² |
たべよ¹ たべろ² |
tabeyo¹ tabero² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 食べられる | たべられる | taberareru |
| Causative | 食べさせる 食べさす |
たべさせる たべさす |
tabesaseru tabesasu |
| Potential | 食べられる 食べれる³ |
たべられる たべれる³ |
taberareru tabereru³ |
| Volitional | 食べよう | たべよう | tabeyō |
| Negative | 食べない 食べぬ 食べん |
たべない たべぬ たべん |
tabenai tabenu taben |
| Negative continuative | 食べず | たべず | tabezu |
| Formal | 食べます | たべます | tabemasu |
| Perfective | 食べた | たべた | tabeta |
| Conjunctive | 食べて | たべて | tabete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 食べれば | たべれば | tabereba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “食”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- “食べる”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604), Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
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