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喪

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 丧

喪 U+55AA, 喪
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55AA
← 喩
[U+55A9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 喫 →
[U+55AB]

Translingual

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Han character

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喪 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+9, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 土口口女 (GRRV), four-corner 40732, composition ⿱⿻土吅⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿻土吅𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 200, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3985
  • Dae Jaweon: page 421, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 650, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+55AA

Chinese

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trad. 喪
simp. 丧
alternative forms
䘮
𠸶
𠷔
𡂤
𡂧
䘮
𠸶
𠷔
𡂤
𡂧
𡴧
𦦦
𡚏
𦦭
𦱺
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 喪
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
忙 *maːŋ
芒 *maːŋ, *maŋ
茫 *maːŋ
恾 *maːŋ
吂 *maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒 *maːŋ, *maŋs
朚 *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙 *maːŋ, *maŋ
杗 *maːŋ, *maŋ
荒 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓 *hmaːŋ
衁 *hmaːŋ
巟 *hmaːŋ
詤 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊 *hmaːŋʔ
喪 *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡 *maŋ
望 *maŋ, *maŋs
莣 *maŋ
朢 *maŋ, *maŋs
鋩 *maŋ
硭 *maŋ
忘 *maŋ, *maŋs
网 *mlaŋʔ
罔 *mlaŋʔ
蛧 *maŋʔ
網 *mlaŋʔ
輞 *maŋʔ
棢 *maŋʔ
惘 *maŋʔ
菵 *maŋʔ
誷 *maŋʔ
魍 *maŋʔ
妄 *maŋs
盲 *mraːŋ
蝱 *mraːŋ
虻 *mraːŋ
氓 *mraːŋ
甿 *mraːŋ

Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ): phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component.

In the seal script became phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives.

Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear".

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • song - literary;
  • sng - vernacular.
Rime
Character 喪
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 唐 (101)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 息郎切
Baxter sang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/saŋ/
Li
Rong 		/sɑŋ/
Wang
Li 		/sɑŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		song1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 喪
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-mˁaŋ/
English mourning, burial

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 喪
Reading # 2/2
No. 12661
Phonetic
component 		亡
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		桑
Old
Chinese 		/*smaːŋ/

Definitions

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喪

  1. mourning; funeral ceremony
  2. corpse; dead body
  3. misfortune; misadventure
  4. to mourn; to be in mourning
  5. to grieve over the death of

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (喪):
  • → Japanese: 喪(そう) (sō)
  • → Korean: 상(喪) (sang)
  • → Vietnamese: tang (喪)

Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character 喪
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 唐 (101)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇浪切
Baxter sangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/saŋH/
Li
Rong 		/sɑŋH/
Wang
Li 		/sɑŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		song3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 喪
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-mˁaŋ-s/
English lose; destroy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 喪
Reading # 1/2
No. 12660
Phonetic
component 		亡
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		喪
Old
Chinese 		/*smaːŋs/
Notes 說文從亡亡亦聲，
甲文借桑字金文始加亡

Definitions

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喪

  1. to forfeit; to lose; to be deprived of
  2. to die; to pass away
  3. to be defeated; to be destroyed; to perish
  4. to escape; to flee
  5. to forget; to fail to remember
  6. to be discouraged; to lose heart
  7. (Hong Kong Cantonese) wildly; extremely

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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喪

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. mourning
  2. loss

Readings

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  • Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
  • Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
  • Kun: も (mo, 喪, Jōyō)、うしなう (ushinau, 喪う)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
喪
も
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

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Noun

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喪(も) • (mo) 

  1. mourning
  2. calamity; misfortune

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
喪
そう
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 喪 (MC sang).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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喪(そう) • (sō) ←さう (sau)?

  1. mourning

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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喪 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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喪: Hán Việt readings: tang[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], táng[2][3][4][5][7]
喪: Nôm readings: tảng[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of tang (“a series of events that encompasses a funeral, a burial or cremation, and a period of mourning spanning up to 3 years after the lunar date of death”)

References

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  1. ^ Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
  6. ^ Bonet (1899).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Génibrel (1898).
  8. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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