金

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See also: 全 and 釒
金 U+91D1, 金
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91D1
← 釐
[U+91D0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 釒 →
[U+91D2]
金 U+F90A, 金
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F90A
← 契
[U+F909] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 喇 →
[U+F90B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order
金-order.gif

Alternative forms[edit]

  • 釒／钅 (jīn) (when used as a left Chinese radical)

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 167 金

金 (radical 167, 金+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 金 (C), four-corner 80109, composition ⿱人⿱干䒑)

  1. Kangxi radical #167, ⾦.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1295, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40152
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1795, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91D1

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 金
alternative forms 𠊍
𨤾
Wikipedia has articles on:
金的晶体

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 金
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
金-bronze.svg 金-seal.svg 金-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
淦 *kɯːm, *kɯːms
顉 *ŋɯːmʔ, *ŋ̊ʰrɯm, *ŋ̊ʰɯmʔ
金 *krɯm
錦 *krɯmʔ
欽 *kʰrɯm
菳 *kʰrɯm
嶔 *kʰrɯm
撳 *kʰrɯms
捦 *ɡrɯm
鵭 *ɡrɯm
唫 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ŋɡrɯm
鈙 *ɡrɯms
崟 *ŋɡrɯm
趛 *ŋɡrɯmʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯm): semantic 王 (“upside-down axe”) + semantic 呂 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm).

Etymology[edit]

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”). Compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha [script needed] (kóm, “silver, coin, money”) (Starling Database).

“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] > “metals in general” > “gold”.

The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 金
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiẽ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕin²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕin¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kim⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kim²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm⁵³/
Nanning /kɐm⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐm⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kim⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kim³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /kim²³/
Rime
Character 金
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 居吟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kjim/
Li
Rong 		/kjəm/
Wang
Li 		/kĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 金
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kim ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k(r)[ə]m/
English metal, bronze

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 金
Reading # 1/1
No. 6679
Phonetic
component 		金
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		金
Old
Chinese 		/*krɯm/
Notes 說文今聲，俞敏依金文非之

Definitions[edit]

金

  1. † copper (Cu)
  2. metal
    • 合金  ―  héjīn  ―  alloy
  3. metalware
  4. gold (Au)
    金屬 / 金属  ―  jīnshǔ  ―  metal
  5. golden; blond
  6. (by extension) money; material wealth
  7. (historical) ancient currency unit
  8. (historical) gong or other metalware for signalling commands in the military
  9. † (figuratively) sun
  10. † (figuratively) moon
  11. † (figuratively) respectful; noble; rich
  12. † (figuratively) impregnable
  13. † (figuratively) imperial
  14. † (figuratively, of voice) beautiful; wonderful
  15. Short for 金星 (Jīnxīng, “Venus”).
  16. (～朝) (historical) The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
  17. (～朝, ～國) (historical) Synonym of 後金, the Jurchen Later Jin state (1616–1636)
  18. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 金

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (金):
  • → Japanese: 金 (きん) (kin)
  • → Korean: 금 (金, geum); 김 (金, gim)
  • → Vietnamese: kim (金)

Other:

  • → Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)
  • → Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

金

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Chemical element
Au
Previous: 白 (はっ)金 (きん) (hakkin) (Pt)
Next: 水 (すい)銀 (ぎん) (suigin) (Hg)
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
金 (kane, kugane, kogane, kin): Synthetically produced crystalline gold.
金 (kane, kana, kin): Metal in general, such as metal sheeting.
金 (kane, kana, kin): Hot metal work from a blacksmith.
  1. gold
  2. metal

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
金
かな
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form of this word. In modern Japanese, only found at the start of compounds.

Pronunciation[edit]

Prefix[edit]

金 (hiragana かな, rōmaji kana-)

  1. metal
  2. money
  3. firmness, strength
  4. completely, entirely
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
金
かね
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[1]

Appears to be a fusion of kana + Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle い (​i). Compare the development of modern kami from kamu + i at 神, te from ta + i at 手, me from ma + i at 目, kaze from kaza + i at 風.

/kana/ + /i/ → /*kanai/ → /kane/

The four kanji spellings of this term, 金 (“gold”), 銀 (“silver”), 銅 (“copper”), and 鉄 (“iron”), hint at the importance of each of these four metals in ancient Japan.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

金 (hiragana かね, rōmaji kane)

  1. money
    ⇒ お金 (​okane)
  2. metal
Usage notes[edit]

The 金 spelling is the most common for this term.

Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
金
くがね
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Compound of 黄 (ku, “yellow”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”). The ku is a variation of regular kun'yomi of ki for the 黄 character.[4] The kane changes to gane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

金 (hiragana くがね, rōmaji kugane)

  1. (archaic) gold

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
金
こがね
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/kuɡane/ → /koɡane/

Alteration of kugane[4], possibly influenced by metaphor from 小金 (kogane, “a small amount of money”), or by the kan'on reading of kō for the 黄 character.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

金 (hiragana こがね, rōmaji kogane)

  1. gold
  2. gold or metal currency: coins, such as 大判 (ōban) or 小判 (koban)
  3. short for 黄金色 (kogane iro, “gold”, the color)
  4. short for 黄金の泥 (kogane no dei, “golden mud”, gold dust suspended in an emulsion and used for painting or other decoration)
    ⇒ 金泥 (​kondei)
See also[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
金
きん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 金 (kim). Compare modern Mandarin 金 (jīn).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

金 (hiragana きん, rōmaji kin)

  1. gold (Au)
  2. money
    金 (きん)一封 (いっぷう)をもらった。
    Kin ippū o moratta.
    I received a gift of money.
  3. metal
  4. (shogi) short for 金将 (kinshō): the gold general (a shogi piece)
  5. one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine: see the "Wu Xing" entry on Wikipedia
  6. short for 金曜日 (kin'yōbi): Friday
Usage notes[edit]

Often found in compounds.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Proper noun[edit]

金 (hiragana きん, rōmaji Kin)

  1. Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
金
こん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 金 (kim).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

金 (hiragana こん, rōmaji kon)

  1. one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine: see the "Wu Xing" entry on Wikipedia

References[edit]

  1. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3560), text here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 金 (MC kˠiɪm). Recorded as Middle Korean 금 (Yale: kum) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

金 (eumhun 쇠 금 (soe geum))

  1. Hanja form? of 금 (“gold; metal; money”).
Compounds[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

Hanja[edit]

金 (eumhun 사람의 성 김 (saramui seong gim))

  1. Hanja form? of 김 (“a surname​; used in placenames”).
Compounds[edit]
Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

金: Hán Việt readings: kim[1][2][3]
金: Nôm readings: kim[1][2][4], ghim[3][5], câm[2], găm[3], ghim[4]

  1. Hán tự form of kim (“gold; metal”).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  5. ^ Hồ (1976).
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