金

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See also: 全 and 釒
金 U+91D1, 金
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91D1
← 釐
[U+91D0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 釒 →
[U+91D2]
金 U+F90A, 金
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F90A
← 契
[U+F909] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 喇 →
[U+F90B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order
金-order.gif

Alternative forms[edit]

  • 釒／钅 (jīn) (when used as a left Chinese radical)

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 167 金

金 (radical 167, 金+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 金 (C), four-corner 80109, composition ⿱人⿱干䒑)

  1. Kangxi radical #167, ⾦.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1295, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40152
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1795, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91D1

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 金
alternative forms 𠊍
𨤾
Wikipedia has articles on:
金的晶體

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 金
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
金-bronze.svg 金-seal.svg 金-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
淦 *kɯːm, *kɯːms
顉 *ŋɯːmʔ, *ŋ̊ʰrɯm, *ŋ̊ʰɯmʔ
金 *krɯm
錦 *krɯmʔ
欽 *kʰrɯm
菳 *kʰrɯm
嶔 *kʰrɯm
撳 *kʰrɯms
捦 *ɡrɯm
鵭 *ɡrɯm
唫 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ŋɡrɯm
鈙 *ɡrɯms
崟 *ŋɡrɯm
趛 *ŋɡrɯmʔ

Originally referred to copper. Later, the meaning was extended to the whole metal, and then to gold. Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯm): semantic 王 (“upside-down axe”) + semantic 呂 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm).

Etymology[edit]

Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha [script needed] (kóm, “silver, coin, money”).

“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] > “metals in general” > “gold”.

The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • gim1 - Chaozhou;
  • ging1 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 金
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Harbin /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕin²¹/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiẽ²¹³/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕin²⁴/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
    Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
    Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
    Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕin¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
    Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kim⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kim²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm⁵³/
    Nanning /kɐm⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kɐm⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kim⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kim³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /kim²³/
    Rime
    Character 金
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 侵 (140)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III
    Fanqie 居吟切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠiɪm/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚim/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiem/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kjim/
    Li
    Rong         		/kjəm/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭĕm/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯əm/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jīn
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 金
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jīn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kim ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*k(r)[ə]m/
    English metal, bronze

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 金
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6679
    Phonetic
    component         		金
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		金
    Old
    Chinese         		/*krɯm/
    Notes 說文今聲，俞敏依金文非之

    Definitions[edit]

    金

    1. † copper (Cu)
    2. metal
      合金  ―  héjīn  ―  alloy
    3. metalware
    4. gold (Au)
      金屬 / 金属  ―  jīnshǔ  ―  metal
      金的顏色和黃銅很相似。 [MSC, trad.]
      金的颜色和黄铜很相似。 [MSC, simp.]
      Jīn de yánsè hé huángtóng hěn xiāngsì. [Pinyin]
      Gold is similar in color to brass.
    5. golden; blond
      金髮 / 金发  ―  jīnfà  ―  blond
      他被獎勵了一塊金錶。 [MSC, trad.]
      他被奖励了一块金表。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā bèi jiǎnglì le yīkuài jīn biǎo. [Pinyin]
      He received a golden watch as a prize.
    6. (by extension) money; material wealth
      現金 / 现金  ―  xiànjīn  ―  cash
      資金 / 资金  ―  zījīn  ―  funds
      金錢 / 金钱  ―  jīnqián  ―  currency
    7. (historical) ancient currency unit
    8. (historical) gong or other metalware for signalling commands in the military
    9. † (figuratively) sun
    10. † (figuratively) moon
    11. † (figuratively) respectful; noble; rich
    12. † (figuratively) impregnable
    13. † (figuratively) imperial
    14. † (figuratively, of voice) beautiful; wonderful
    15. Short for 金星 (Jīnxīng, “Venus”).
    16. (～朝) (historical) The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
    17. (～朝, ～國) (historical) Synonym of 後金／后金 (Hòujīn), the Jurchen Later Jin state (1616–1636)
    18. A surname​.

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 金子 (“gold”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 金, 金子, 黃金
    Mandarin Beijing 金子
    Taiwan 金子, 黃金
    Harbin 金子
    Shenyang 金子
    Jinan 金子, 金
    Muping 金子
    Luoyang 金子
    Wanrong 金子
    Xi'an 金子
    Xuzhou 金子
    Yinchuan 金子
    Lanzhou 金子
    Ürümqi 金子
    Wuhan 金子, 金
    Chengdu 金子
    Guiyang 金子
    Liuzhou 金
    Kunming 金子
    Yangzhou 金子
    Nanjing 金子
    Hefei 金子
    Cantonese Guangzhou 金
    Hong Kong 金
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 金
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 金仔
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 金
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 金
    Macau 金
    Panyu 金
    Huadu (Huashan) 金
    Conghua 金
    Zengcheng 金
    Foshan 金
    Nanhai (Shatou) 金
    Shunde 金
    Sanshui 金
    Gaoming (Mingcheng) 金仔
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 金
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 金
    Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 金
    Doumen 金
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 金
    Xinhui 金
    Taishan 金
    Kaiping (Chikan) 金
    Enping (Niujiang) 金
    Heshan (Yayao) 金仔
    Dongguan 金
    Bao'an (Shajing) 金
    Yangjiang 金
    Nanning 金
    Wuzhou 金
    Yulin 金
    Hepu 金
    Danzhou 金
    Kuala Lumpur 金
    Ho Chi Minh City 金
    Gan Nanchang 金子
    Lichuan 金
    Pingxiang 金子, 金
    Hakka Meixian 金仔, 金
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 金
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 金
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 金
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 金
    Conghua (Lütian) 金
    Yudu 金
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 金仔, 黃金
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 金仔, 黃金
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 金仔, 黃金
    Dongshi (Dabu) 金, 黃金
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 金仔, 黃金
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 金, 黃金
    Hong Kong 金
    Senai 金
    Huizhou Jixi 金子
    Jin Taiyuan 金子
    Pingyao 金
    Xinzhou 金子
    Hohhot 金子
    Min Bei Jian'ou 金
    Min Dong Fuzhou 金
    Matsu 金
    Min Nan Xiamen 金仔, 金
    Quanzhou 金仔, 金
    Zhangzhou 金仔, 金
    Taipei 金
    Kaohsiung 金
    Tainan 金
    Taichung 金仔
    Hsinchu 金仔
    Lukang 金仔
    Sanxia 金
    Yilan 金
    Kinmen 金
    Magong 金
    Penang (Hokkien) 金
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 金
    Chaozhou 金
    Thailand (Bangkok Teochew) 金
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 金
    Wenchang 金
    Haikou 金
    Leizhou 黃金
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 金
    Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 金
    Wu Shanghai 金子
    Suzhou 金子
    Hangzhou 金子
    Wenzhou 金
    Chongming 金子
    Danyang 金子, 黃金
    Jinhua 金
    Ningbo 金, 金子
    Xiang Changsha 金子
    Shuangfeng 金子
    Loudi 金子
    Quanzhou 金

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 金

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (金):
    • → Japanese: 金(きん) (kin)
    • → Korean: 금 (金, geum); 김 (金, gim)
    • → Vietnamese: kim (金)

    Others:

    • → Bouyei: jiml (“gold”)
    • → Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)
    • → Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)
    • → Zhuang: gim (“gold”)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    金

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Chemical element
    Au
    Previous: 白(はっ)金(きん) (hakkin) (Pt)
    Next: 水(すい)銀(ぎん) (suigin) (Hg)
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    金 (kane, kugane, kogane, kin): Synthetically produced crystalline gold.
    金 (kane, kana, kin): Metal in general, such as metal sheeting.
    金 (kane, kana, kin): Hot metal work from a blacksmith.
    1. gold
    2. metal

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    金
    かな
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form of this word. In modern Japanese, only found at the start of compounds.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    金(かな) • (kana-) 

    1. metal
    2. money
    3. firmness, strength
    4. completely, entirely
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    金
    かね
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[1]

    Appears to be a fusion of kana + Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle い (​i). Compare the development of modern kami from kamu + i at 神, te from ta + i at 手, me from ma + i at 目, kaze from kaza + i at 風.

    /kana/ + /i/ → /*kanai/ → /kane/

    The four kanji spellings of this term, 金 (“gold”), 銀 (“silver”), 銅 (“copper”), and 鉄 (“iron”), hint at the importance of each of these four metals in ancient Japan.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    金(かね) • (kane) 

    1. money
      ⇒ お金 (​okane)
    2. metal
    Usage notes[edit]

    The 金 spelling is the most common for this term.

    Synonyms[edit]
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    金
    くがね
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Compound of 黄 (ku, “yellow”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”). The ku is a variation of regular kun'yomi of ki for the 黄 character.[4] The kane changes to gane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    金(くがね) • (kugane) 

    1. (archaic) gold

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    金
    こがね
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    /kuɡane/ → /koɡane/

    Alteration of kugane[4], possibly influenced by metaphor from 小金 (kogane, “a small amount of money”), or by the kan'on reading of kō for the 黄 character.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    金(こがね) • (kogane) 

    1. gold
    2. gold or metal currency: coins, such as 大判 (ōban) or 小判 (koban)
    3. short for 黄金色 (kogane iro, “gold”, the color)
    4. short for 黄金の泥 (kogane no dei, “golden mud”, gold dust suspended in an emulsion and used for painting or other decoration)
      ⇒ 金泥 (​kondei)
    See also[edit]

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    金
    きん
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 金 (kim). Compare modern Mandarin 金 (jīn).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    金(きん) • (kin) 

    1. gold (Au)
    2. money
      金(きん)一封(いっぷう)をもらった。
      Kin ippū o moratta.
      I received a gift of money.
    3. metal
    4. (shogi) short for 金将 (kinshō): the gold general (a shogi piece)
    5. one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine: see the "Wu Xing" entry on Wikipedia
    6. short for 金曜日 (kin'yōbi): Friday
    Usage notes[edit]

    Often found in compounds.

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Proper noun[edit]

    金(きん) • (Kin) 

    1. Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    金
    こん
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 金 (kim).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    金(こん) • (kon) 

    1. one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine: see the "Wu Xing" entry on Wikipedia

    References[edit]

    1. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3560), text here
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 金 (MC kˠiɪm). Recorded as Middle Korean 금 (Yale: kum) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    金 (eumhun 쇠 금 (soe geum))

    1. Hanja form? of 금 (“gold; metal; money”).
    Compounds[edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    金 (eumhun 사람의 성 김 (saramui seong gim))

    1. Hanja form? of 김 (“a surname​; used in placenames”).
    Compounds[edit]
    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    金: Hán Việt readings: kim[1][2][3]
    金: Nôm readings: kim[1][2][4], ghim[3][5], câm[2], găm[3], ghim[4]

    1. Hán tự form of kim (“gold; metal”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    5. ^ Hồ (1976).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=金&oldid=59377463"