kim

See also: Kim, kìm, kiṃ, kim-, kîm, and ким-

Translingual

Symbol

kim

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Tofa.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Tofa terms

English

Noun

kim (uncountable)

1. Alternative form of gim (“edible seaweed”).

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch kim, from Middle Dutch kimme.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kəm/

Noun

kim (plural kimme)

1. horizon

   Synonym: horison

Ainu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kim]

Noun

kim (Kana spelling キム)

1. mountain

Derived terms

• kimpe (“bear”)

Descendants

• Western Old Japanese: [script needed] (kî)

References

• Bugaeva, Anna. Handbook of the Ainu Language, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502859

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Turkish kim, Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who”), etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [cim]

• Audio (Baku):

  (file)

Pronoun

kim (definite accusative kimi, plural kimlər)

1. who

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular	plural
nominative	kim	kimlər
definite accusative	kimi	kimləri
dative	kimə	kimlərə
locative	kimdə	kimlərdə
ablative	kimdən	kimlərdən
definite genitive	kimin	kimlərin

Possessive forms of kim

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimim	kimlərim
sənin (“your”)	kimin	kimlərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimi	kimləri
bizim (“our”)	kimimiz	kimlərimiz
sizin (“your”)	kiminiz	kimləriniz
onların (“their”)	kimi or kimləri	kimləri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimi	kimlərimi
sənin (“your”)	kimini	kimlərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimini	kimlərini
bizim (“our”)	kimimizi	kimlərimizi
sizin (“your”)	kiminizi	kimlərinizi
onların (“their”)	kimini or kimlərini	kimlərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimə	kimlərimə
sənin (“your”)	kiminə	kimlərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	kiminə	kimlərinə
bizim (“our”)	kimimizə	kimlərimizə
sizin (“your”)	kiminizə	kimlərinizə
onların (“their”)	kiminə or kimlərinə	kimlərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimdə	kimlərimdə
sənin (“your”)	kimində	kimlərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimində	kimlərində
bizim (“our”)	kimimizdə	kimlərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	kiminizdə	kimlərinizdə
onların (“their”)	kimində or kimlərində	kimlərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimdən	kimlərimdən
sənin (“your”)	kimindən	kimlərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimindən	kimlərindən
bizim (“our”)	kimimizdən	kimlərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	kiminizdən	kimlərinizdən
onların (“their”)	kimindən or kimlərindən	kimlərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimin	kimlərimin
sənin (“your”)	kiminin	kimlərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	kiminin	kimlərinin
bizim (“our”)	kimimizin	kimlərimizin
sizin (“your”)	kiminizin	kimlərinizin
onların (“their”)	kiminin or kimlərinin	kimlərinin

Derived terms

• kimlik (“identity”)
• kimsə (“someone”)
  • kimsəsiz (“ownerless, derelict, parentless”)

See also

Azerbaijani interrogative pro-forms

• what: nə, (dialectal) nəmənə
• who: kim
• which: hansı
• which (in a numbered series): neçənci
• who (by occupation): nəçi
• who (by origin): haralı
• where (which place): hara, hayan, (colloquial) hanı, (dialectal) həncəri
• where (at which place): harada, hayanda
• whither (to which place): hara, haraya, hayana
• whence (from which place): haradan, hayandan
• when: nə vaxt, nə zaman, haçan, (colloquial) havaxt
• why: niyə, nə üçün, neyçün
• how: necə, nətər, nə təhər, (archaic) nə tövr, nə cür, (dialectal) həncəri
• how much: nə qədər
• how many: neçə

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”).

Pronoun

kim

1. who, whom

Declension

Declension of kim

nominative	kim
genitive	kimniñ
dative	kimge
accusative	kimni
locative	kimde
ablative	kimden

References

• Mirjejev, V. A.; Usejinov, S. M. (2002), Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎^[1], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kiːm/, [kʰiːˀm]

Noun

kim c or n (singular definite kimen or kimet, plural indefinite kim, plural definite kimene)

1. germ
2. seeds pl

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch kimme. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɪm/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kim
• Rhymes: -ɪm
• Homophone: Kim

Noun

kim f (plural kimmen, diminutive kimmetje n)

1. horizon

Synonyms

• horizon

Anagrams

• mik

Eskayan

Pronoun

kim

1. we; us (1st person plural exclusive absolutive form)

Gagauz

Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish كِمْ (kim, gim), from Proto-Turkic *kem. Compare Turkish kim, Azerbaijani kim.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kim/, [cim]

Pronoun

kim (accusative kimi, plural kimnär)

1. (interrogative) who?

   kimi inanêrsın?

   who do you believe?

   • 2015 November 24, Yuliya JEREBŢOVA, “İntelektual oyunu “KİM İSTEER OLMAA HALİZ GAGAUZ””, in Ana Sözü‎^[2]:

     Kasım ayın 17-dä Kiriyet küüyün “Dionis TANASOGLU” adına teoretik liţeyindä, 9-cu klaslar için, seftä geçti pek meraklı bit intelektual oyunu – “KİM İSTEER OLMAA HALİZ GAGAUZ”. Hazırladı onu liţeyin gagauz dilindä hem literaturasında üüredici Anna Kirilovna KOLOMİİTSEVA.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 2019 April 10, Todur Zanet, “Bu bokluklardan tarafımızı kim paklayacek?”, in Ana Sözü‎^[3]:

     Bu bokluklardan tarafımızı kim paklayacek?

     Who will clean our place from these crap?

2. (relative) who, that

   kardaşım, kim bırda yaşêêr

   my sibling who lives here

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	kim	kimnär
definite accusative (belirtme)	kimi	kimneri
dative (yönelme)	kimä	kimnerä
locative (bulunma)	kimdä	kimnerdä
ablative (çıkma)	kimdän	kimnerdän
genitive (tamlayan)	kimin	kimnerin

Derived terms

• kimnik
• kimsä

Related terms

• ki
• kimsey

Further reading

• N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ким”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 269
• Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “kimi”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN
• Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “kimi”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 100

Hokkien

For pronunciation and definitions of kim – see 金 (“copper; metal; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 金).

Hungarian

Etymology

ki (“who”) +‎ -m (“my, of mine”, possessive suffix)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkim]
• Hyphenation: kim

Pronoun

kim

1. first-person singular single-possession possessive of ki

   Kim vagy te nekem? - Én nem Kim vagyok, hanem a bácsikád. ― Who of mine are you? - I'm not Kim but your uncle.

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	kim	—
accusative	kimet	—
dative	kimnek	—
instrumental	kimmel	—
causal-final	kimért	—
translative	kimmé	—
terminative	kimig	—
essive-formal	kimként	—
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	kimben	—
superessive	kimen	—
adessive	kimnél	—
illative	kimbe	—
sublative	kimre	—
allative	kimhez	—
elative	kimből	—
delative	kimről	—
ablative	kimtől	—
non-attributive possessive – singular	kimé	—
non-attributive possessive – plural	kiméi	—

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈkim/ [ˈkim]
• Rhymes: -im
• Syllabification: kim
• Homophone: KIM

Etymology 1

Unknown (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kim (plural kim-kim)

1. a game where you mark the numbers that are in the column or row that has been called by the person pulling the numbers, usually while singing, and the player is declared the winner if all the numbers on one of the lines have been marked.

Etymology 2

Unknown (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kim (plural kim-kim)

1. (linguistics) a sheet of paper that is missing from a manuscript because it was cut or deliberately cut

Further reading

• “kim”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Karaim

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Relate to Crimean Tatar kim ,Karachay-Balkar ким (kim) ,Kumyk ким (kim) , Urum ким (kim) ,Tofa ӄум (qum), Tuvan кым (kım), etc.

Pronoun

kim

1. who

References

kim

Khalaj

Perso-Arabic		کیم

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɪm]
• (Xarrâbî) IPA^(key): [kɪm]

Pronoun

kim (oblique, plural stem)

1. alternative form of kêm (“who”)

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1980), Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1988), Grammatik des Chaladsch [Grammar of Khalaj] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, →OCLC

Livonian

Livonian numbers ^(edit)

		100
←  1	←  9	10	11  →	20  →
		1
Cardinal: kim     Ordinal: kimmõz

Alternative forms

• küm (obsolete)

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kümmen. Akin to Finnish kymmenen.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkim/, [ˈkimː]

Numeral

kim

1. ten

Usage notes

In names of tens kim takes on the form kimdõ – declension type 118 – sieldõ. In vīžkimdõ both compound components are declinable, e.g., in genitive vīdkimdõ.

Declension

Declension of kim (126)

	singular (ikšlu’g)	plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative (nominatīv)	kim	kimmõd
genitive (genitīv)	kim	kimmõd
partitive (partitīv)	kimmõ	kimmidi
dative (datīv)	kimmõn	kimmõdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	kimmõks	kimmõdõks
illative (illatīv)	kimmõ	kimmiž
inessive (inesīv)	kimsõ	kimmis
elative (elatīv)	kimstõ	kimmist

Related terms

• kimmõz

See also

• Livonian cardinals (1–11):

ikš, kakš, kuolm, nēļa, vīž, kūž, seis, kōdõks, īdõks, kim, ikštuoistõn (Compounds with both parts inflected given in bold)

References

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “kim”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[4] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʲim/

Pronoun

kim

1. instrumental of chto
2. locative of chto

Middle Vietnamese

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm, from Chinese 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums).

Noun

kim

1. needle

Descendants

• Vietnamese: kim

References

• Alexandre de Rhodes (1651), “kim”, in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (in Middle Vietnamese, Latin, and Portuguese), Rome: Propaganda Fide

Mizo

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kim.

Adjective

kim

1. complete, whole

Further reading

• Lorrain, J. Herbert (1940), “kim”, in Dictionary of the Lushai language, Calcutta: Asiatic Society

Muong

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm, from Chinese 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums). Cognate with Vietnamese kim.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kim¹/

Noun

kim

1. (Mường Bi) needle

References

• Nguyễn Văn Khang; Bùi Chỉ; Hoàng Văn Hành (2002), Từ điển Mường - Việt (Muong - Vietnamese dictionary)‎^[5], Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Dân tộc Hà Nội.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kim m (definite singular kimen, indefinite plural kimar, definite plural kimane)

1. alternative form of kime

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkim/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -im
• Syllabification: kim

Pronoun

kim

1. instrumental of kto
2. locative of kto

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Kümmel, from Latin cuminum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kîm/

Noun

kȉm m inan (Cyrillic spelling ки̏м)

1. caraway (Persian cumin)

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular	plural
nominative	kim	kimovi
genitive	kima	kimova
dative	kimu	kimovima
accusative	kim	kimove
vocative	kime	kimovi
locative	kimu	kimovima
instrumental	kimom	kimovima

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kîːm/

Pronoun

kȋm ? (Cyrillic spelling ки̑м)

1. (with) whom (instrumental)

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular/plural
nominative	tkȍ, kȍ
genitive	kȍg, kòga
dative	kȍm, kòmu, kòme
accusative	kȍg. kòga
vocative	—
locative	kòm, kòme
instrumental	kȋm, kíme

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish كیم (kim, “who”), from Old Anatolian Turkish كِمْ (kim), from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who”), Karakhanid كِمْ (kim, “who”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kim/, [cʰim]

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

kim

1. (interrogative) who

   kim onu gördü? ― who saw him?

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular	plural
nominative	kim	kimler
definite accusative	kimi	kimleri
dative	kime	kimlere
locative	kimde	kimlerde
ablative	kimden	kimlerden
genitive	kimin	kimlerin

Conjunction

kim

1. (archaic, relative) who

   Synonym: ki

   o kim görür ― he who sees

Derived terms

• kim bilir
• kime ne
• kimi kimsesi olmamak
• kimlik

Related terms

• kimse

Further reading

• “kim”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “kim”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Turkmen

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kim/, [k̟ɪm]

Pronoun

kim

1. (interrogative) who

   muny kim etdi? ― who did that?

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular	plural
nominative	kim	kimler
accusative	kimi	kimleri
genitive	kimiň	kimleriň
dative	kime	kimlere
locative	kimde	kimlerde
ablative	kimden	kimlerden

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [kim˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [kim˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [kim˧˧]

• Audio (Hà Nội):

  (file)

Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 金 (“metal; gold”).

This reading is irregular, the expected reading would be *câm; cf. cấm < 禁 (MC kimH), cầm < 琴 (MC gim). ⟨-im⟩ is a very rare rime in Sino-Vietnamese proper, with this and the homophonous kim < 今 (MC kim) being the only examples.

It is possible that the usage of kim as the Sino-Vietnamese reading for 金 (MC kim) and 今 (MC kim) was to avoid homophony with câm (“mute”), although it is difficult to be sure. The much less common 衿 (MC kim) (that basically has no usage in Vietnamese) is considered to have the expected reading câm.

Also possibly compare Korean 금 (geum) and 김 (gim), the former is the expected Sino-Korean reading of 金 (MC kim) while the latter found chiefly as a surname.

The câm reading is attested in Đắc thú lâm tuyền thành đạo ca (得趣林泉成道𰙔; 1745) attributed to Trần Nhân Tông (陳仁宗). This reading is found in the gatha at the end of text. It is rhymed with tâm (心) and âm (隂).

Alternative forms

• câm (rare)

Noun

kim

1. Metal, one of the Wu Xing

   Thổ sinh kim. Kim sinh thuỷ.
   Hoả khắc kim. Kim khắc mộc.

   Earth bears Metal. Metal enriches Water.
   Fire melts Metal. Metal chops Wood.

Romanization

kim

1. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 金

Derived terms

• á kim
• ánh kim
• bạch kim
• giả kim
• hoàng kim
• hợp kim
• Kim
• kim cương
• kim hoàn
• kim khí
• kim loại
• kim ngân
• Kim tinh
• kim tuyến
• loài kim
• luyện kim
• phi kim
• thiên kim

See also

• ngũ hành
• vàng

Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm.

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 針 (“needle”, SV: châm). Cognate to Muong kim.

Attested as kim in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

Noun

(classifier cây) kim

1. needle
2. (of a clock/watch) hand

Derived terms

• kim chỉ
• kim chích
• kim tiêm
• mò kim đáy bể

Etymology 3

The câm reading is attested in Thuật hứng 25 (述興) attributed to Nguyễn Trãi (阮廌). This poem is found in Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集; 15th century). It is rhymed with lâm (林), cầm (琴), tâm (心), and lầm (淋).

Romanization

kim

1. Sino-Vietnamese reading of 今

See also

• Kim

Volapük

Pronoun

kim

1. who (nominative)

Inflection

• genitive: kima
• accusative: kimi

White Hmong

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ki˩̰/

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 貴 (kjw+j^H, “expensive”)

Adjective

kim

1. expensive

See also

• tsis pheejyig

Etymology 2

From Mandarin 跪 (guì) ("to kneel").

Verb

kim

1. to kneel on one knee