金馬

Baekje

Etymology

Related to Japanese 熊(クマ) (kuma, “bear”) and Old Korean *고마〮 (*kwòmá, “bear”) > Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm). Beyond Korean and Japanese, compare also Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm).

Noun

金馬 (*kəma or *kuma or *komu or *kumu) (Nihon shoki 久麻 or クム or クマ or コム)

1. bear

References

• John Bentley (2000) “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research‎^[1], volume 36, number 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443
• Alexander Vovin (2013) “From Koguryo to T'amna”, in Korean Linguistics‎^[2], volume 15, number 2, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 222—240

Chinese

		metal; gold; money	horse; surname
trad. (金馬)		金	馬
simp. (金马)		金	马

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīnmǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ ㄇㄚˇ

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kim-bé

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīnmǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ ㄇㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jinmǎ
    • Wade–Giles: chin¹-ma³
    • Yale: jīn-mǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinmaa
    • Palladius: цзиньма (czinʹma)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kim-bé
    • Tâi-lô: Kim-bé
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kimbea
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² be⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kim³³ be⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² be⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ be⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ be⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kim maeX

Rime
Character	金	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	居吟切	莫下切
Baxter	kim	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm/	/mˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim/	/mᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem/	/maX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim/	/maɨX/
Li Rong	/kjəm/	/maX/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm/	/maX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯əm/	/maX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīn	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam1	maa5

Noun

金馬

1. gold horse
2. (literary) imperial court or capital

   Synonyms: 朝廷 (cháotíng), 帝都 (dìdū)

3. (literary) Hanlin Academy scholar

   Synonym: 翰林 (Hànlín)

Proper noun

金馬

1. (historical) (～門) a gate in the Han dynasty where literati waited for imperial orders
2. (historical) (～署) imperial library of the Han dynasty
3. (historical) Alternative term for 翰林院 (Hànlínyuàn, “Hanlin Academy”).
4. (～地區) Fujian Province, Republic of China after 1949 (Short for 金門／金门 (Jīnmén) + 馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ): “Kinmen and Matsu”.)

Derived terms

• 玉堂金馬／玉堂金马
• 避世金馬／避世金马
• 金馬客／金马客 (jīnmǎkè)
• 金馬獎／金马奖 (Jīnmǎjiǎng)
• 金馬玉堂／金马玉堂 (Jīnmǎ Yùtáng)
• 金馬碧雞／金马碧鸡
• 金馬署／金马署
• 金馬門／金马门