的
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
的 (Kangxi radical 106, 白+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹日心戈 (HAPI), four-corner 27620, composition ⿰白勺)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 786, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22692
- Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2644, character 16
- Unihan data for U+7684
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 的 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 豹 | *preːwɢs |
| 趵 | *preːwɢs, *preːwɢ |
| 尥 | *breːw, *b·reːwɢs |
| 箹 | *ʔreːwɢs, *ʔreːwɢ |
| 杓 | *plew, *pʰlew, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ |
| 約 | *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ |
| 扚 | *pleːwʔ, *pleːwɢ |
| 釣 | *pleːwɢs |
| 瘹 | *teːwɢs |
| 芍 | *ɡleːwʔ, *spʰlewɢ, *pl'ewɢ, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ |
| 酌 | *pljewɢ |
| 灼 | *pljewɢ |
| 勺 | *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ |
| 彴 | *pljewɢ |
| 犳 | *pljewɢ |
| 妁 | *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ |
| 汋 | *bljewɢ, *sbreːwɢ |
| 仢 | *bljewɢ |
| 葯 | *qlewɢ, *qreːwɢ |
| 礿 | *lewɢ |
| 肑 | *preːwɢ, *pleːwɢ |
| 瓝 | *breːwɢ |
| 的 | *pleːwɢ |
| 靮 | *pleːwɢ |
| 馰 | *pleːwɢ |
| 玓 | *pleːwɢ |
| 魡 | *pleːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *pleːwɢ): semantic 白 (“white”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).
The original form was 旳 with the meaning of “bright”, hence the initial 日 semantic. See Etymology 1 below.
Etymology 1[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
的 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 旳 㢩 墑 | |
“Bright”. Compare 灼.
The sense of “mark in a target” may be secondary. Alternatively, it may be an independent root on its own. Compare Tibetan རྟགས (rtags, “mark, sign”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
的
- bright; clear; distinct
- alt. forms: 旳 ancient
- white; white-coloured
- white forehead of horses; white-foreheaded horse
- centre of target for archery
- alt. forms: 㢩 (dì)
- aim; standard; criterion
- target; objective
- 目的 ― mùdì ― purpose, aim, goal
- (historical) red dot worn on the centre of the forehead by women; bindu
- alt. forms: 旳 ancient
- Alternative form of 菂 (dì, “lotus seed”).
- true; real
- really; truly; certainly
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
的 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
First attested in the Tang Dynasty as 底. This glyph was borrowed later to represent de, the possessive marker in Northern Chinese, superseding the earlier 底 as a way to write this word.
There are three main competing proposals for its etymology:
- Derived from the lenition of the literary genitive marker 之 (OC *tjɯ) (Demiéville, 1950; Wang, 1958; Mei, 1988), which is still preserved in many phrases, and in the written form to some extent, especially in Taiwan.
- Derived from the lenition of 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) (Lü, 1943; Yuan et al., 1996; Yang, R., 2016).
- Derived from the lenition of Middle Chinese demonstrative 底 (MC teiX) (Shi, 2015, 2023).
Possibly cognate with the particle sense of 地, which is homophonic but now has its specialised usage.
Compare the stylized Zhuyin variant of 的 in Taiwan: ㄉ.
In contemporary times it is also used to represent unrelated equivalent particles in other Chinese varieties. Examples include Min Nan ê (个, 亓, 兮 or ㄟ, possibly derived from 其[1]), Min Dong gì (其), Wu geq (個) and Cantonese ge3 (嘅 < 個).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
的 (chiefly Mandarin, Jin, Xiang)
- Used after an attribute. Indicates that the previous word has possession of the next one. It functions like ’s in English (or like the word “of” but with the position of possessor and possessee switched). ’s; of
- Used to link a noun, an adjective or a phrase to a noun to describe it. that; who
- 紅色的氣球／红色的气球 ― hóngsè de qìqiú ― a red balloon
- 鐵的紀律／铁的纪律 ― tiě de jìlǜ ― iron discipline
- 去北京的火車／去北京的火车 ― qù Běijīng de huǒchē ― The train that goes to Beijing
- 昨天來的人／昨天来的人 ― zuótiān lái de rén ― The people who came yesterday
- 的話／的话 ― dehuà ― particle put at the end of a conditional clause
- alt. forms: 底 obsolete
- Used to form a noun phrase or nominal expression.
- Used after a verb or between a verb and its object to stress an element of the sentence. It can be used with 是 (shì) to surround the stressed element.
- Used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis.
- Used to express the idea of “of that kind”.
- (informal) Used to express multiplication or addition. and, by
Usage notes[edit]
- (possession particle): 的 is usually omitted when referring to a close relationship (family, close friends) or to an institutional or organizational relationship (school, work).
- (particle linking a noun and an adjective): 的 is omitted if it is used with a single-syllable adjective.
- It must be used when the adjective has more than one syllable or if the adjective is qualified by an adverb.
- 的 is also omitted when the association is frequent
- When necessary, the character 的 is referred to as 白勺的 (bái sháo de) to differentiate it from the homophones 得 (雙人得／双人得 (shuāng rén dé)) and 地 (土也地 (tǔ yě dì)). In addition, these three particles should not to be confused with the others. Compare these three pharses:
- In Mandarin slang usage, 的 can be pronounced as di, and substituted by the character 滴 (dī) in writing:
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 的 (“possessive particle”) [map]
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 的
Descendants[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Phonetic syllable used to transcribe certain syllables in foreign loanwords.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
的
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1899), “dê”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, London: Presbyterian Church of England, page 99
Further reading[edit]
- “的”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #4386”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
的
Readings[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 的 |
| てき Grade: 4 |
| on’yomi |
Repurposed from the target meaning, probably from Ming- and Qing-era Mandarin use of this character as a possessive or adjectivizing particle,[1] or even earlier in the Song and Yuan eras.[2][3] Probably also influenced in the Meiji period by the English adjective ending -tic (as in spastic, plastic, or characteristic), ultimately deriving from Ancient Greek -τικός (-tikós), used to form adjectives from verbs.[1][2][4][3][5]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
- -ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of
- Used to form 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “na adjectives”) from nouns. The resulting term has a 平板型 (heiban-gata, “flat type”) or type 0 pitch accent pattern.
- Used to form similar items from complex noun phrases.
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 的 |
| てき Grade: 4 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 的 (tek, literally “mark in a target”, also meaning “bright”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 的確 (tekikaku): accurate, apt, exact
- 的言 (tekigen): bon mot, the right word or turn of phrase for the occasion
- 的殺 (tekisatsu): in 九星 (kyūsei, an astrology system from ancient China, literally “nine stars”), the opposite direction from the favored direction for one's age
- 的実 (tekijitsu): certain, definite, actual, real
- 的証 (tekishō): accurate evidence
- 的切 (tekisetsu): fitting, appropriate
- 的然 (tekizen): clear, distinct
- 的中 (tekichū): a hit; to be on target
- 的屋 (tekiya), 的野 (tekiya): a hawker, a peddler of cheap and gaudy wares
- 的例 (tekirei): an appropriate or fitting example
- 的皪 (tekireki): vividly and brightly shining
- 射的 (shateki): target practice
Noun[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
- (archaic, chiefly Kansai, somewhat derogatory) he, she, it, that one
- (archaic, chiefly Kansai, somewhat derogatory) you
Alternative forms[edit]
Synonyms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 的 |
| まと Grade: 4 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Possibly originally a compound of 目 (ma, “eye”) + 所 (to, “place”). Appears to be cognate with homophone 円 (mato, “round”, adjective, obsolete in modern Japanese).[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- a target, a mark, a bullseye
- 矢が的に当たる。
- Ya ga mato ni ataru.
- The arrow hits the target.
- 矢が的に当たる。
- an objective, an object (of doing something)
Synonyms[edit]
- (objective): 目的 (mokuteki)
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 的 |
| いくは Grade: 4 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
- May be derived from rare archaic verb いくう (ikuu, “to shoot [an arrow] at something”, archaic spelling いくふ).[1]
- The ha element would presumably derive from the verb ending ふ (fu), which has a 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of ha. However, this is unlikely, as verb forms ending in -fu underwent the regular f- and h- > w- shift, which would result in a reading of *ikuwa rather than the correct ikuha.
- The above phonetic discrepancy suggests that ikuha may instead be a compound of iku + ha. The iku element probably derives from root component いく (iku) meaning “shooting [arrows]”, as found in いくう (ikuu) and also in 戦 (ikusa, “a battle”, original meaning “the shooting of arrows”).[1] The iku element might be related to verb 射る (iru, “to shoot an arrow”), or obsolete verb 生く (iku, “to live; to make something live, to make something go”), likely cognate with 行く (iku, “to go”).
- The ha element is uncertain. It might be 端 (ha, “the edge or end of something”), from the sense “the end [of the arrow's flight]”.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 的 |
| ゆくは Grade: 4 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Alteration of ikuha above. Compare the iku <> yuku alteration in the verb 行く (iku, yuku, “to go”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Masuda, Wataru (2000), Joshua A. Fogel, transl., Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era, Routledge, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
的 (eumhun 과녁 적 (gwanyeok jeok))
- Hanja form? of 적 (“-ive, -like, -ish, -ic, -ical, -y, kind of, sort of”).
- Hanja form? of 적 (“target”).
Compounds[edit]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
的: Hán Nôm readings: đích, đét, đít, điếc, đếch, đễ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Compounds[edit]
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- ja:Archery
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