歷

See also: 歴 and 历

歷	U+6B77, 歷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B77

← 歶
[U+6B76]

CJK Unified Ideographs

歸 →
[U+6B78]

歷	U+F98C, 歷 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98C

← 曆
[U+F98B]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

轢 →
[U+F98D]

Translingual

Traditional	歷
Shinjitai	歴
Simplified	历

Han character

歷 (Kangxi radical 77, 止+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一竹木一 (MHDM) or 一木卜中一 (MDYLM), four-corner 7121₁, composition ⿸厤止)

Derived characters

儮嚦壢㠣攊瀝㺡櫪㱹爏瓑㿨礰𧞿䍽讈䟐𨊛轣䥶𣦰𠫏藶䍥靂癧

Related characters

曆, 磿

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 577, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16340
Dae Jaweon: page 968, character 9
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1445, character 9
Unihan data for U+6B77

Unihan data for U+F98C

Chinese

trad.		歷
simp.		历^*
alternative forms		歴／历厯𢟍

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 歷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (秝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
秝	*reːɡ
歷	*reːɡ
曆	*reːɡ
磿	*reːɡ
靂	*reːɡ
癧	*reːɡ
櫪	*reːɡ
藶	*reːɡ
瀝	*reːɡ
攊	*reːɡ
厤	*reːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *reːɡ): phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 止.

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) considered this word to be of Sino-Tibetan origin and a cognate to Burmese ရေ (re, “to count”), Kinnauri ri (“to count”), Tibetan རྩི (rtsi, “to count; to calculate”), and རྩིས་པ (rtsis pa, “astronomer”); however, STEDT derives Burmese ရေ (re) & Tibetan རྩི (rtsi) from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsjəj (“to count”) and does not compare them to Chinese 歷.

One derivative is 曆 (OC *rêk), meaning "calendrical calculations" (Shu) → "calendar";

Another derivative is exopassive 麗 (OC *rê(k)h), meaning "what is calculated → number" (Shi), whose possible allofam is 麗 (OC *rêh).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lì (li⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lik⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): let⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): li̍t

(Hailu, HRS): lid^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): lid⁶
Northern Min (KCR): lĭ
Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): leh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): le̍k / lia̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸liq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lì
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lì
  - Wade–Giles: li⁴
  - Yale: lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
  - Palladius: ли (li)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lik⁶
  - Yale: lihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: let⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /let̚³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: lid
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lid⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: lid^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /lit²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lid⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Jiangkou, Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: leh⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: le̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɛʔ⁴/
- (Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: leh⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /le̞ʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lek
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêh⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸liq
  - MiniDict: lih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵liq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹²/

Middle Chinese: lek

Rime
Character	歷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	錫 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎擊切
Baxter	lek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/lek̚/
Wang Li	/liek̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/liek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek/

(Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁek/
English	pass by; in turn
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歷
Reading #	1/1
No.	7980
Phonetic component	秝
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	靂
Old Chinese	/*reːɡ/

Definitions

歷

to experience; to go through; to undergo
experience; history; record
to surpass; to exceed; to overstep
to offend; to go against; to undermine
- 民有不事農桑、任氣遊俠、犯歷法禁、不從吏教者，傷王之化。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  民有不事农桑、任气游侠、犯历法禁、不从吏教者，伤王之化。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Mín yǒu bùshì nóngsāng, rènqì yóuxiá, fànlì fǎjìn, bùcóng lìjiào zhě, shāng wáng zhī huà. [Pinyin]
  When the people are not engaged in agriculture and sericulture but instead give rein to their tempers and travel about as bravados, outstepping and transgressing the laws and prohibitions, not following the instructions of the officials, it harms the king's transforming influence.
to travel through; to go travelling
extensively; all over; completely
many times; repeatedly
one by one; one at a time
all of the previous (occurrences); all past
to take charge of; to assume (a role)
to choose; to select (a date)
to examine; to scrutinise; to observe; to calculate
clear; distinct; lucid
few and far between; sporadic
a surname

Compounds

References

“歷”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “历”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 275.

Japanese

Shinjitai	歴
Kyūjitai	歷

Kanji

歷

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 歴)

take place, past, history

Readings

On (unclassified): れき (reki)、りゃく (ryaku)
Kun: へる (heru, 歷る)

Korean

Hanja

歷 (eumhun 지낼 력 (jinael ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 지낼 역 (jinael yeok))

hanja form^? of 력/역 (“go through”)
hanja form^? of 력/역 (“experience”)
hanja form^? of 력/역 (“undergo”)
hanja form^? of 력/역 (“use up”)
hanja form^? of 력/역 (“exhaust”)

Compounds

역사 (歷史, yeoksa, “history”)

Vietnamese

Han character

歷: Hán Nôm readings: lịch, lếch, lệch, rếch

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