任

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See also: 仟 and 件
任 U+4EFB, 任
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EFB
← 仺
[U+4EFA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仼 →
[U+4EFC]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
6 strokes

Han character[edit]

任 (radical 9, 人+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人竹土 (OHG), four-corner 22214, composition ⿰亻壬)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 94, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 416
  • Dae Jaweon: page 200, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 122, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4EFB

Chinese[edit]

trad. 任
simp. # 任

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 任
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
任-oracle.svg 任-bronze.svg 任-silk.svg 任-seal.svg 任-bigseal.svg
Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b12353.svg

b12353

ACC-b12354.svg

b12354

Small seal script
ACC-s05801.svg

s05801

Transcribed ancient scripts
ACC-L33730.svg

L33730

ACC-L33731.svg

L33731

ACC-L12273.svg

L12273

ACC-L12274.svg

L12274

ACC-L12275.svg

L12275

ACC-L12276.svg

L12276

ACC-L12277.svg

L12277

ACC-L12278.svg

L12278

ACC-L12279.svg

L12279

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (壬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
紝 *nɯm, *njɯm, *njɯms
鵀 *nɯm, *njɯm, *njɯms
拰 *nɯmʔ
賃 *nɯms
任 *njɯm, *njɯms
壬 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *njɯm
恁 *njɯm, *njɯmʔ
銋 *njɯm, *njɯmʔ
荏 *njɯmʔ
餁 *njɯmʔ
栠 *njɯmʔ
袵 *njɯmʔ
飪 *njɯmʔ
妊 *njɯms
衽 *njɯms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *njɯm, *njɯms): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 壬 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *njɯm) – to carry on a shoulder pole.

Note that its phonetic part 壬 (OC *njɯm) may be the graphical representation of 任, depicting a shoulder pole that was rotated for 90 degrees.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note: literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 任 (責任)
Mandarin Beijing /ʐən⁵¹/
Harbin /ʐən⁵³/
Tianjin /in⁵³/
/ʐən⁵³/
Jinan /ʐẽ²¹/
Qingdao /iə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐən³¹²/
Xi'an /ʐẽ⁴⁴/
Xining /ʐə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /ʐəŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /ʐə̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /ʐɤŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /nən³⁵/
Chengdu /zən¹³/
Guiyang /zen²¹³/
Kunming /ʐə̃²¹²/
Nanjing /ʐən⁴⁴/
Hefei /ʐən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /zəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ʐəŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /ʐə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /zəŋ²³/
Suzhou /zən³¹/
Hangzhou /zen¹³/
Wenzhou /zaŋ²²/
Hui Shexian /iʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /ian¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʐən⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /in⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /lɨn²¹/
Hakka Meixian /im⁵³/
Taoyuan /im⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐm²²/
Nanning /jɐm²²/
Hong Kong /jɐm²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lim²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /iŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /zim³⁵/
/zim³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /zim³³/
Rime
Character 任
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 侵 (139)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 汝鴆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵiɪmH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵimH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑjemH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵimH/
Li
Rong 		/ȵiəmH/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭĕmH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯əmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		rèn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 任
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		rèn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nyimH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*n[ə]m-s/
English burden; charge (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 任
Reading # 2/2
No. 10823
Phonetic
component 		壬
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		妊
Old
Chinese 		/*njɯms/

Definitions[edit]

任

  1. to carry on a shoulder pole; to carry
  2. to bear; to endure; to put up with
  3. to take charge of; to assume the post of; to be in charge of
  4. to trust to; to rely on; to believe; to guarantee
  5. to appoint; to assign someone to a post
  6. to indulge; to be self-indulgent; to allow
  7. load; burden; luggage; baggage
  8. duty; responsibility; obligation
  9. tenure; term of office; incumbency
  10. office; post; position
  11. officeholder; postholder
  12. even if; even though
  13. no matter how; regardless of
  14. Classifier for terms of office.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 任

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note: vernacular (“surname”).
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 任 (姓任)
Mandarin Beijing /ʐən³⁵/
Harbin /ʐən²⁴/
Tianjin /in⁴⁵/
/ʐən⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʐẽ⁴²/
Qingdao /iə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐən⁴²/
Xi'an /ʐẽ²⁴/
Xining /ʐə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʐəŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʐə̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʐɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nən²¹³/
Chengdu /zən³¹/
Guiyang /zen²¹/
Kunming /ʐə̃³¹/
Nanjing /ʐən²⁴/
Hefei /ʐən⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ʐəŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
/zəŋ²³/
Suzhou /ȵin¹³/
Hangzhou /zen²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /iʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /ian¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʐən¹³/
Xiangtan /in⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /im⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐm²¹/
Nanning /jɐm²²/
Hong Kong /jɐm²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lim³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /iŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /iŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /zim³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /zim³⁵/
Rime
Character 任
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 侵 (139)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 如林切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑjem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵim/
Li
Rong 		/ȵiəm/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		rén
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 任
Reading # 1/2
No. 10808
Phonetic
component 		壬
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		任
Old
Chinese 		/*njɯm/

Definitions[edit]

任

  1. (historical) an ancient woman's rank of nobility
  2. (historical) an ancient music of the southern indigenous people
  3. † Alternative form of 壬 (rén, “artful”).
  4. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

任

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. responsibility
  2. duty
  3. term
  4. entrust to
  5. appoint

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Noun[edit]

任 (hiragana にん, rōmaji nin)

  1. duty, responsibility, obligation

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

任 • (im) (hangeul 임, revised yim, McCune–Reischauer im)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

任: Hán Việt readings: nhậm[1][2][3], nhiệm[1][3], nhâm[3]
任: Nôm readings: nhậm[1][2][3], nhằm[1][2][3], nhiệm[1][4], nhầm[2][4], nhẩm[3][4], nhăm[3], nhặm[3], vững[3]

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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