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如

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
如 U+5982, 如
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5982
← 妁
[U+5981] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 妃 →
[U+5983]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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如 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女口 (VR), four-corner 46400, composition ⿰女口)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 255, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6060
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5982

Chinese

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trad. 如
simp. # 如
alternative forms ⿰女⿶凵人 clerical script

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 如
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
拿 *rnaː
拏 *rnaː
詉 *rnaː
蒘 *rnaː, *na
笯 *rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐 *rnaː, *na
絮 *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶 *rnaːw
怓 *rnaːw
帑 *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴 *naː
砮 *naː, *naːʔ
駑 *naː
孥 *naː
努 *naːʔ
弩 *naːʔ
怒 *naːʔ, *naːs
袽 *na
帤 *na
女 *naʔ, *nas
籹 *naʔ
恕 *hnjas
如 *nja, *njas
茹 *nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳 *nja, *njas
鴽 *nja
蕠 *nja
汝 *njaʔ
肗 *njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *nja, *njas): phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). The phonetic component can also be interpreted ideographically as suggesting a woman obeying an order.

Etymology 1

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Sino-Tibetan; compare Mru [script needed] (na, “to be so”), Mizo na nâ nâ (“it being so; since”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Old Mon [script needed] (ñaṅ, “resembling; like”) (ibid.).

Derivations include 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ, “as if”) (by the distributive suffix *-k), 諾 (OC *naːɡ, “to agree; to say yes”), and 然 (OC *njen, “so; thus; like this”) (by a demonstrative suffix *-n) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ṳ̌ - colloquial;
  • lǔ - literary.
Note: 6lu - younger speakers, Mandarin-influenced, proscribed.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 如
Mandarin Beijing /ʐu³⁵/
Harbin /lu²⁴/
/ʐu²⁴/
Tianjin /iu⁴⁵/
/ʐu⁴⁵/
Jinan /lu⁴²/
Qingdao /y⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐʉ⁴²/
Xi'an /vu²⁴/
Xining /v̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʐu⁵³/
Lanzhou /vu¹³/
Ürümqi /ʐu²¹³/
/vu²¹³/
Wuhan /y²¹³/
Chengdu /zu³¹/
Guiyang /zu²¹/
Kunming /ʐu³¹/
Nanjing /ʐu²⁴/
Hefei /ʐu⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zu¹¹/
Pingyao /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩ʷ²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /y⁴⁴/
Tunxi /y⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /y¹³/
Xiangtan /y¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɵ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /i¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jy²¹/
Nanning /y²¹/
Hong Kong /jy²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /y⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /y²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /zu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zu³¹/
/zi³¹/
Rime
Character 如 如
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 日 (38) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 魚 (22) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 人諸切 人恕切
Baxter nyo nyoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵɨʌ/ /ȵɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵiɔ/ /ȵiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑiɔ/ /ȵʑiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵɨə̆/ /ȵɨə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/ȵiɔ/ /ȵiɔH/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭo/ /ȵʑĭoH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯wo/ /ȵʑi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		rú rù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jyu4 jyu6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 如
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		rú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nyo ›
Old
Chinese 		/*na/
English as, like, if

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 如 如
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 9623 9631
Phonetic
component 		女 女
Rime
group 		魚 魚
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		如 洳
Old
Chinese 		/*nja/ /*njas/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Dungan”

Definitions

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如

  1. to be like; as; as if; as though
  2. to comply with; to agree with; to fit
    如此  ―  rúcǐ  ―  accordingly; according to this
  3. such as; for example; for instance
    比如  ―  bǐrú  ―  for instance
  4. (chiefly in the negative) to be as good as; to be comparable to
    我自愧不如你用功，成績不如你也是理所當然。 [MSC, trad.]
    我自愧不如你用功，成绩不如你也是理所当然。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zìkuì bùrú nǐ yònggōng, chéngjì bùrú nǐ yěshì lǐsuǒdāngrán. [Pinyin]
    I admit, regrettably, that I did not work as hard as you did. It's only proper that my grades were nowhere as good as yours.
  5. than; more than
    Synonym: 於 / 于
  6. if; supposing
    作者水平有限，如有錯漏，望大家指正。 [MSC, trad.]
    作者水平有限，如有错漏，望大家指正。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zuòzhě shuǐpíng yǒuxiàn, rú yǒu cuòlòu, wàng dàjiā zhǐzhèng. [Pinyin]
    The author's ability has its limits; feedback regarding errors and omissions is welcome.
  7. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) postposition indicating an appearance, a state, or a condition; having the characteristic of
    突如其來／突如其来  ―  tūrúqílái  ―  all of a sudden (literally, “it comes, like charging”)
    空空如也  ―  kōngkōngrúyě  ―  empty
  8. (obsolete) you
  9. a surname
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 如果 (“if”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 若, 假, 如, 使, 令, 苟, 向, 向使, 向令, 假令, 假使, 誠, 誠使, 倘, 儻, 當使
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 若, 如, 如果, 若果, 果若, 假如, 假若, 假使, 假設, 倘若, 倘或, 倘然, 倘使, 若是, 若然, 設若, 設使, 設令, 設或, 設
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 要是, 要
Taiwan 要是, 要, 如果
Malaysia 如果
Singapore 如果
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 要是
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 要是
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 要是, 假比
Wuhan 要是
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 要是, 要, 假使
Hefei 要是, 倘此, 倘倘
Cantonese Guangzhou 如果, 若果, 若然, 假使間
Hong Kong 如果, 若果, 若然, 若然之, 假使, 假使間, 假如
Macau 假如
Taishan 如果, 若果, 假使
Kaiping (Chikan) 若果
Yangjiang 設若
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 如果
Singapore (Guangfu) 如果
Gan Nanchang 要是, 若是
Lichuan 假使
Hakka Meixian 係話, 若係, 如果
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 若果, 係講, 係話
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 係講, 若係, 假使
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 係講, 係準, 係準講, 準講, 準假, 係若, 若係, 假使, 假詐
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 係講, 若係, 假使
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 準講, 可比, 假使, 係講, 若係, 若係講, 準若講
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 係講, 若係, 假使
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 若係講, 假使, 若講, 係講, 若係
Kuching (Hepo) 假使
Jin Taiyuan 要是
Northern Min Jian'ou 來是, 如果
Pucheng (Shibei) 來是, 如果
Eastern Min Fuzhou 儷是, 若還
Southern Min Xiamen 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
Quanzhou 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是
Zhangzhou 設使, 若是, 若, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
Tainan 若是, 若準, 若, 假使, 設使
Penang (Hokkien) 若是, 若準
Singapore (Hokkien) 若是
Manila (Hokkien) 若是, 若, 假使
Chaozhou 若是
Shantou 如果
Jieyang 若, 若是
Singapore (Teochew) 若是
Wenchang 但見, 欲
Haikou 麼是, 設如, 設使
Wu Shanghai 要是, 如果, 假使, 倘然, 倘使, 是得
Suzhou 要, 如果
Wenzhou 若是, 若
Xiang Changsha 要是
Shuangfeng 要是, 要此
Descendants
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Sino-Xenic (如):
  • → Vietnamese: như (如)

Etymology 2

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May be related to 向 (OC *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs, “to face; to turn towards”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 如
Mandarin Beijing /ʐu³⁵/
Harbin /lu²⁴/
/ʐu²⁴/
Tianjin /iu⁴⁵/
/ʐu⁴⁵/
Jinan /lu⁴²/
Qingdao /y⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐʉ⁴²/
Xi'an /vu²⁴/
Xining /v̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʐu⁵³/
Lanzhou /vu¹³/
Ürümqi /ʐu²¹³/
/vu²¹³/
Wuhan /y²¹³/
Chengdu /zu³¹/
Guiyang /zu²¹/
Kunming /ʐu³¹/
Nanjing /ʐu²⁴/
Hefei /ʐu⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zu¹¹/
Pingyao /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩ʷ²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /y⁴⁴/
Tunxi /y⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /y¹³/
Xiangtan /y¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɵ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /i¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jy²¹/
Nanning /y²¹/
Hong Kong /jy²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /y⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /y²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /zu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zu³¹/
/zi³¹/
Rime
Character 如
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 人諸切
Baxter nyo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵɨʌ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵiɔ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑiɔ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵɨə̆/
Li
Rong 		/ȵiɔ/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭo/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯wo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		rú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jyu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 如
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		rú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nyo ›
Old
Chinese 		/*na/
English go to

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 如
Reading # 1/2
No. 9623
Phonetic
component 		女
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		如
Old
Chinese 		/*nja/

Definitions

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如

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to go to
    如廁／如厕  ―  rúcè  ―  to go to the toilet

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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如

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. likeness
  2. such as
  3. to seem
  4. as if

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
如
にょ
Grade: S
goon

From Middle Chinese 如 (MC nyo, “as if, as though”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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如(にょ) • (nyo) ←によ (nyo)?

  1. (Buddhism) tathata, thusness, suchness, eternal truth

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
如
じょ
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 如 (MC nyo, “as if, as though”).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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如(じょ) • (jo) ←じよ (zyo)?

  1. as if, likeness

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
如
ごと
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Stem of Classical Japanese adjective 如(ごと)し (gotoshi, “like”).

Pronunciation

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Particle

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如(ごと) • (goto) 

  1. (Classical Japanese, archaic, literary, poetic) like, similar to

Korean

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Hanja

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如 (eumhun 같을 여 (gateul yeo))

  1. hanja form? of 여 (“to be like; as; as if; as though”)

Compounds

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Old Korean

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Glyph origin

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A semantically adopted phonogram, or 훈가자(訓假字) (hun'gaja), representing the syllable *ta by matching the sense of the Chinese character ("to be like") with an otherwise unattested Old Korean root ancestral to Middle Korean 답다 (ta-p-ta, “to be like”) and 닿다 (ta-h-ta, “to be like”).

Etymology 1

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First attested in the 신라촌락문서 / 新羅村落文書 (Silla village registers), 695 CE.

Alternative forms

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  • 之, 也 (possibly, logogramic forms attested in very early sources; may simply be misunderstandings of Chinese grammar)
  • 多 (alternative phonogramic form found in some Silla sources)

Suffix

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如 (*-ta)

  1. The declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix.
Reconstruction notes
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Conventionally reconstructed as *-ta after the Middle Korean reflex. There is no evidence in Old Korean of the Middle Korean [ta ~ ɾa] allomorphy; for more on this phenomenon, see Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions.

Descendants
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  • Middle Korean: -다〮 (-tá, “declarative suffix”)
    • Korean: -다 (-da, “id.”)
  • Middle Korean: -라〮 (-lá, “declarative suffix”)
    • Korean: -라 (-ra, “id.”)

Etymology 2

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Suffix

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如 (*-ta)

  1. The imperfective aspect verb-internal suffix.
Reconstruction notes
[edit]

Sometimes reconstructed as *-te to match the Middle Korean form, but it is probably more prudent to take the Old Korean orthography at face value and reconstruct *-ta (Park 2018, p. 68). As with the declarative suffix, there is no evidence in Old Korean of the Middle Korean [tə ~ ɾə] allomorphy.

Descendants
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  • Middle Korean: -더〮- (-té, imperfective aspect marker)
    • Korean: -더- (-deo, retrospective marker)

References

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  • 박부자 (Park Bu-ja) (2018), “시상형태 {더}의 쟁점과 전망 [Points of discussion and prospective developments in the study of the tense/aspect-marking -te-]”, in Gugeosa yeon-gu, volume 27, pages 53—79
  • 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2019), “고대국어 종결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo jonggyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The current situation and future tasks in the study of Old Korean sentence enders]”, in Gugyeol yeon-gu, volume 43, pages 5—53

Vietnamese

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Han character

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如: Hán Việt readings: như (人(nhân)諸(chư)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
如: Nôm readings: nhơ[1][2][3][6], như[1][2][4][7], nhờ[1][2], nha[1], nhừ[3], dừ[3], rừ[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of như (“to be like; as if; as though”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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