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U+5982, 如
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5982

[U+5981]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5983]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 38, +3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女口 (VR), four-corner 46400, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 255, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6060
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5982

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms ⿰女⿶凵人 clerical script

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *nja, *njas) : phonetic (OC *naʔ, *nas, woman) + semantic (mouth) – a woman obeying an order.

Etymology 1

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Sino-Tibetan; compare Mru [script needed] (na, to be so), Mizo na nâ nâ (it being so; since) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Old Mon [script needed] (ñaṅ, resembling; like) (ibid.).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ṳ̌ - colloquial;
  • lǔ - literary.
Note: 6lu - younger speakers, Mandarin-influenced, proscribed.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʐu³⁵/
Harbin /lu²⁴/
/ʐu²⁴/
Tianjin /iu⁴⁵/
/ʐu⁴⁵/
Jinan /lu⁴²/
Qingdao /y⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐʉ⁴²/
Xi'an /vu²⁴/
Xining /v̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʐu⁵³/
Lanzhou /vu¹³/
Ürümqi /ʐu²¹³/
/vu²¹³/
Wuhan /y²¹³/
Chengdu /zu³¹/
Guiyang /zu²¹/
Kunming /ʐu³¹/
Nanjing /ʐu²⁴/
Hefei /ʐu⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zu¹¹/
Pingyao /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩ʷ²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /y⁴⁴/
Tunxi /y⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /y¹³/
Xiangtan /y¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɵ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /i¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jy²¹/
Nanning /y²¹/
Hong Kong /jy²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /y⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /y²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /zu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zu³¹/
/zi³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (38) (38)
Final () (22) (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () III III
Fanqie
Baxter nyo nyoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ȵɨʌ/ /ȵɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ȵiɔ/ /ȵiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȵʑiɔ/ /ȵʑiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ȵɨə̆/ /ȵɨə̆H/
Li
Rong
/ȵiɔ/ /ȵiɔH/
Wang
Li
/ȵʑĭo/ /ȵʑĭoH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȵʑi̯wo/ /ȵʑi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jyu4 jyu6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ nyo ›
Old
Chinese
/*na/
English as, like, if

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 9623 9631
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*nja/ /*njas/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Dungan”

Definitions

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  1. to be like; as; as if; as though
  2. to comply with; to agree with; to fit
      ―    ―  accordingly; according to this
  3. such as; for example; for instance
      ―    ―  for instance
  4. (chiefly in the negative) to be as good as; to be comparable to
    自愧不用功成績也是理所當然 [MSC, trad.]
    自愧不用功成绩也是理所当然 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zìkuì bù nǐ yònggōng, chéngjì bù nǐ yěshì lǐsuǒdāngrán. [Pinyin]
    I admit, regrettably, that I did not work as hard as you did. It's only proper that my grades were nowhere as good as yours.
  5. than; more than
    Synonym:
  6. if; supposing
    作者水平有限錯漏大家指正 [MSC, trad.]
    作者水平有限错漏大家指正 [MSC, simp.]
    Zuòzhě shuǐpíng yǒuxiàn, yǒu cuòlòu, wàng dàjiā zhǐzhèng. [Pinyin]
    The author's ability has its limits; feedback regarding errors and omissions is welcome.
  7. postposition indicating an appearance, a state, or a condition; having the characteristic of
    其來其来  ―  qílái  ―  all of a sudden (literally, "it comes, like charging")
    空空  ―  kōngkōng  ―  empty
  8. (obsolete) you
  9. a surname
Synonyms
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Descendants
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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Vietnamese: như ()

Etymology 2

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May be related to (OC *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs, “to face; to turn towards”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʐu³⁵/
Harbin /lu²⁴/
/ʐu²⁴/
Tianjin /iu⁴⁵/
/ʐu⁴⁵/
Jinan /lu⁴²/
Qingdao /y⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐʉ⁴²/
Xi'an /vu²⁴/
Xining /v̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʐu⁵³/
Lanzhou /vu¹³/
Ürümqi /ʐu²¹³/
/vu²¹³/
Wuhan /y²¹³/
Chengdu /zu³¹/
Guiyang /zu²¹/
Kunming /ʐu³¹/
Nanjing /ʐu²⁴/
Hefei /ʐu⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zu¹¹/
Pingyao /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩ʷ²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /y⁴⁴/
Tunxi /y⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /y¹³/
Xiangtan /y¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɵ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /i¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jy²¹/
Nanning /y²¹/
Hong Kong /jy²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /y⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /y²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /zu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zu³¹/
/zi³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (38)
Final () (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter nyo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ȵɨʌ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ȵiɔ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȵʑiɔ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ȵɨə̆/
Li
Rong
/ȵiɔ/
Wang
Li
/ȵʑĭo/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȵʑi̯wo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jyu4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ nyo ›
Old
Chinese
/*na/
English go to

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 9623
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*nja/

Definitions

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  1. to go to
      ―    ―  to go to the toilet

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. likeness; such as; to seem; as if

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
にょ
Grade: S
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC nyo, “as if; as though”).

Pronunciation

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Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
じょ
Grade: S
kan'on

Pronunciation

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Compounds

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Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun 같을 (gateul yeo))

  1. hanja form? of (to be like; as; as if; as though)

Compounds

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Old Korean

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Glyph origin

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A semantically adopted phonogram, or 훈가자(訓假字) (hun'gaja), representing the syllable *ta by matching the sense of the Chinese character ("to be like") with an otherwise unattested Old Korean root ancestral to Middle Korean 답다 (ta-p-ta, to be like) and 닿다 (ta-h-ta, to be like).

Etymology 1

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First attested in the 신라촌락문서 / 新羅村落文書 (Silla village registers), 695 CE.

Alternative forms

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  • , (possibly, logogramic forms attested in very early sources; may simply be misunderstandings of Chinese grammar)
  • (alternative phonogramic form found in some Silla sources)

Suffix

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(*-ta)

  1. The declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix.
Reconstruction notes
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Conventionally reconstructed as *-ta after the Middle Korean reflex. There is no evidence in Old Korean of the Middle Korean [ta ~ ɾa] allomorphy; for more on this phenomenon, see Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions.

Descendants
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  • Middle Korean: 다〮 (-tá, declarative suffix)
    • Korean: (-da, id.)
  • Middle Korean: 라〮 (-lá, declarative suffix)
    • Korean: (-ra, id.)

Etymology 2

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Suffix

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(*-ta)

  1. The imperfective aspect verb-internal suffix.
Reconstruction notes
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Sometimes reconstructed as *-te to match the Middle Korean form, but it is probably more prudent to take the Old Korean orthography at face value and reconstruct *-ta (Park 2018, p. 68). As with the declarative suffix, there is no evidence in Old Korean of the Middle Korean [tə ~ ɾə] allomorphy.

Descendants
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  • Middle Korean: 더〮 (-té, imperfective aspect marker)
    • Korean: (-deo, retrospective marker)

References

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  • 박부자 (Park Bu-ja) (2018) “시상형태 {더}의 쟁점과 전망 [Points of discussion and prospective developments in the study of the tense/aspect-marking -te-]”, in Gugeosa yeon-gu, volume 27, pages 53—79
  • 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2019) “고대국어 종결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo jonggyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The current situation and future tasks in the study of Old Korean sentence enders]”, in Gugyeol yeon-gu, volume 43, pages 5—53

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: như ((nhân)(chư)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: nhơ[1][2][3][6], như[1][2][4][7], nhờ[1][2], nha[1], nhừ[3], dừ[3], rừ[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of như (to be like; as if; as though).

Compounds

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References

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