假

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See also: 仮 and 段
假 U+5047, 假
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5047
← 偆
[U+5046] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 偈 →
[U+5048]

Translingual

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Stroke order
11 strokes
Japanese 仮
Simplified 假
Traditional 假

Han character

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假 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人口卜水 (ORYE), four-corner 27247, composition ⿰亻叚)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 110, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 835
  • Dae Jaweon: page 233, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 196, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5047

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 假
2nd round simp. 𬽥
alternative forms 叚
暇 “to borrow”

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 假
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
s05789
Transcribed ancient scripts
L35016
L35017
L35018
L35019
L35020
L35021
L35022
L35023
L35024
L35025
L35026
L35027
L17232
L17233
L17234
L17235
L17236
L17237
L17238
L17239
L17240
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (叚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
葭 *kraː
麚 *kraː
瘕 *kraː, *kraːʔ
豭 *kraː
貑 *kraː
猳 *kraː
犌 *kraː
假 *kraːʔ, *kraːs
嘏 *kraːʔ
婽 *kraːʔ
椵 *kraːʔ
叚 *kraːʔ
蝦 *qʰraː, *ɡraː
煆 *qʰraː, *qʰraːs
霞 *ɡraː
遐 *ɡraː
瑕 *ɡraː
鰕 *ɡraː
碬 *ɡraː
蕸 *ɡraː
赮 *ɡraː
鍜 *ɡraː
騢 *ɡraː
暇 *ɡraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ).

Etymology

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“to borrow; false”
The sense evolved in the following manner: "to borrow" > "simulate" > "deception; false".
Cognate with Tibetan ཀར་སྐྱིན (kar skyin, “loan; thing borrowed”). An allofam is probably 雇 (OC *kʷaːs, *ɡʷaːʔ, “to hire”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • ké/kée - vernacular;
  • ká - literary.
Note:
  • gê2 - vernacular;
  • gia2 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: ge2 / gia3
      • Sinological IPA: /kɛ³¹/, /kia²¹/
Note:
  • ge2 - vernacular;
  • gia3 - literary.
Note:
  • 2ka - vernacular;
  • 2jia - literary.
Rime
Character 假
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古疋切
Baxter kaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨX/
Li
Rong 		/kaX/
Wang
Li 		/kaX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaa2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 假 假
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǎ jiǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæX › ‹ kæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə.kˁraʔ/ /*kˁraʔ/
English borrow; false great

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 假
Reading # 1/2
No. 5955
Phonetic
component 		叚
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		檟
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːʔ/

Definitions

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假

  1. to lend; to borrow; to loan
    假道伐虢  ―  jiǎdàofáguó  ―  to obtain safe passage to conquer the State of Guo
    假以時日／假以时日  ―  jiǎyǐshírì  ―  as time goes by
  2. (archaic, historical, politics) acting
    假王  ―  jiǎwáng  ―  Acting Prince
    假丞相  ―  jiǎchéngxiàng  ―  Acting Chancellor
  3. to make use of
    不假思索  ―  bùjiǎsīsuǒ  ―  without hesitation
    假借  ―  jiǎjiè  ―  to make use of; phonetic loan
  4. to disguise; to fake; to pretend
    假裝／假装  ―  jiǎzhuāng  ―  to pretend
  5. forged; artificial; false
    假貨／假货  ―  jiǎhuò  ―  counterfeit goods
    假睫毛  ―  jiǎjiémáo  ―  false eyelash
    Antonym: 真 (zhēn)
  6. falsehood; deception
    真假  ―  zhēnjiǎ  ―  real and fake; authenticity
  7. if; assuming
    假設／假设  ―  jiǎshè  ―  to suppose
  8. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Lingao: ke¹ (via Hainanese)

Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwan:
    • kè - vernacular;
    • kà - literary.
Note:
  • gê3 - vernacular;
  • gia2/gian2 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: ge3 / gia3
      • Sinological IPA: /kɛ²¹/, /kia²¹/
Note:
  • ge3 - vernacular;
  • gia3 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 假 (放假)
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕia⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹/
Qingdao /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕia¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕia⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡ɕia⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕia̠²¹²/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕia²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕia⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ka³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁵¹³/
/kɑ⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ko⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³⁵/
Tunxi /kɔ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia⁴¹/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕiɒ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kɑ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ka³¹/
Taoyuan /kɑ³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ka³³/
Nanning /kʰa³³/
Hong Kong /ka³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ka²¹/
/ke²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɑ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ka²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kia⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kɛ³⁵/
Rime
Character 假
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古訝切
Baxter kaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/kaH/
Wang
Li 		/kaH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaa3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 假
Reading # 2/2
No. 5961
Phonetic
component 		叚
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		駕
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːs/

Definitions

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假

  1. vacation
    病假  ―  bìngjià  ―  sick leave
    假日  ―  jiàrì  ―  holiday

Compounds

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Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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假

  1. † Same as 格 (gé).

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

仮

Kyūjitai

假

Kanji

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假

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 仮)

  1. temporary
  2. interim
  3. assumed (name)
  4. informal

Readings

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  • On (unclassified): か (ka)、け (ke)
  • Kun: かり (kari)

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 假 (MC kaeX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 강 (Yale: {{{2}}})
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 빌 (Yale: {{{2}}}) 가 (Yale: {{{2}}})
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 빌 (Yale: {{{2}}}) 가 (Yale: {{{2}}})
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583 빌 (Yale: {{{2}}}) 가 (Yale: {{{2}}})

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [가(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

假 (eumhun 거짓 가 (geojit ga))

  1. hanja form? of 가 (“false, fake”)
Compounds
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Compounds

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 假 / 遐 (MC hae).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

假 (eumhun 멀 하 (meol ha))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 遐 (“hanja form? of 하 (“afar; distant”)”)

Etymology 3

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From Middle Chinese 假 / 格 (MC kak|kaek).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

假 (eumhun 이를 격 (ireul gyeok))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 格 (“hanja form? of 격 (“to come; to arrive; to go to”)”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Tày

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Adjective

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假 (transliteration needed)

  1. Nôm form of chá (“fake”).

Vietnamese

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Han character

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假: Hán Nôm readings: giả[1][2][3], giá[1][2][4], hạ[4], hà[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of giả (“false, fake”).
  2. (only in compounds) chữ Hán form of giá, giả (“if, assuming”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn (1974).
  3. ^ Trần (1999).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Trần (2004).
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