還
|
Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
還 (radical 162 辵+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜田中女 (YWLV), four-corner 36303, composition ⿺辶睘)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 1266, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39174
- Dae Jaweon: page 1764, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3888, character 2
- Unihan data for U+9084
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 還 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 还* |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 還 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (睘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
---|---|
Old Chinese | |
癏 | *kʷraːn |
擐 | *kʷraːn, *ɡʷraːns |
還 | *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan |
環 | *ɡʷraːn |
鬟 | *ɡʷraːn |
寰 | *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷeːns |
闤 | *ɡʷraːn |
糫 | *ɡʷraːn |
圜 | *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷen |
鐶 | *ɡʷraːn |
轘 | *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷraːns |
澴 | *ɡʷraːn |
繯 | *ɡʷraːns, *ɡʷeːnʔ |
檈 | *sɢʷan, *sɢʷin |
儇 | *qʰʷen |
翾 | *qʰʷen |
蠉 | *qʰʷen, *qʰʷenʔ |
嬛 | *qʰʷen, *qʷen, *ɡʷeŋ |
譞 | *qʰʷen |
懁 | *kʷeːns |
獧 | *kʷeːns |
噮 | *qʷeːns |
彋 | *ɡʷreːŋ, *ɡʷreːŋ |
睘 | *ɡʷeŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return.
Etymology[edit]
- “to return”
- From Austro-Asiatic; compare Khmer រង្វាន់ (rŭəngvŏən, “reward; award; bonus”) (Schuessler, 2007). Probably related to 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn, “ring; to encircle”) (ibid.).
Pronunciation 1[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou, Jyutping): waan4
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): van3
- Gan (Wiktionary): uan4 / fan4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vàn
- Jin (Wiktionary): huan1
- Min Bei (KCR): hîng / ǔing
- Min Dong (BUC): hèng / huàng
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): hhue (T3)
- Xiang (Wiktionary): fan2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˊ
- Wade-Giles: huan2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwan
- IPA (key): /xu̯a̠n³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: huan2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuan
- IPA (key): /xuan²¹/
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: waan4
- Yale: wàahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: waan4
- Guangdong Romanization: wan4
- IPA (key): /wɑːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: van3
- IPA (key): /van²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: uan4 / fan4
- IPA (key): /uan³⁵/, /fan³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vàn
- Hakka Romanization System: vanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: van2
- IPA: /van¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: huan1
- IPA (old-style): /xuæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hîng / ǔing
- IPA (key): /xiŋ³³/, /uiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hèng / huàng
- IPA (key): /hɛiŋ⁵³/, /huaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- hèng - vernacular;
- huàng - literary.
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kinmen, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hâinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvaai
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hãɪ²³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen, Taipei): /hãɪ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân
- Tâi-lô: hân
- Phofsit Daibuun: haan
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hn̂g
- Tâi-lô: hn̂g
- Phofsit Daibuun: hngg
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- hêng/hâiⁿ/hân/hn̂g - vernacular;
- hoân - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hoin5 / hain5 / huang5 / huêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hôiⁿ / hâiⁿ / huâng / huêng
- IPA (key): /hõĩ⁵⁵/, /hãĩ⁵⁵/, /huaŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/
- hoin5/hain5 - vernacular;
- huang5/huêng5 - literary.
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhue (T3)
- IPA (key): /ɦɯe̞²³/
- (Shanghainese)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: fan2
- IPA (key): /ɸan¹³/
- (Changsha)
-
Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 還 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /xuan³⁵/ |
Harbin | /xuan²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /xuan⁴⁵/ ~原 | |
Jinan | /xuã⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /xuã⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /xuan⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /xuã²⁴/ | |
Xining | /xuã²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /xuan⁵³/ 归~ | |
Lanzhou | /xuɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /xuan⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /xuan²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /xuan³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /xuan²¹/ 歸~ | |
Kunming | /xuã̠³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /xuaŋ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /xuæ̃⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /xuæ̃¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /xuɑŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /xuæ̃³¹/ ~東西 | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦue²³/ |
Suzhou | /ɦue̞¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦuõ²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /va³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /xuɛ⁴⁴/ 歸~ |
Tunxi | /uɛ⁴⁴/ 歸~ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /fan¹³/ ~價 |
Xiangtan | /ɸan¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /uan⁴⁵/ 有借有~ /fan⁴⁵/ ~原 |
Hakka | Meixian | /fan¹¹/ ~原 |
Taoyuan | /hɑn¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wan²¹/ |
Nanning | /wan²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /wan²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /huan³⁵/ /hãi³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /huaŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /xiŋ³³/ /uiŋ²¹/ |
|
Shantou (Min Nan) | /huaŋ⁵⁵/ /hõi⁵⁵/ |
|
Haikou (Min Nan) | /huaŋ³¹/ |
Rime | |
---|---|
Character | 還 |
Reading # | 1/2 |
Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
Final (韻) | 刪 (70) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
Openness (開合) | Closed |
Division (等) | II |
Fanqie | 戸關切 |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠuan/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/ɦʷᵚan/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/ɣuɐn/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦwaɨn/ |
Li Rong |
/ɣuan/ |
Wang Li |
/ɣwan/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣwan/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
huán |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 還 |
Reading # | 1/2 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
huán |
Middle Chinese |
‹ hwæn › |
Old Chinese |
/*[ɢ]ʷˤ<r>en/ |
English | turn around; return |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 還 |
Reading # | 1/2 |
No. | 16230 |
Phonetic component |
睘 |
Rime group |
元 |
Rime subdivision |
1 |
Corresponding MC rime |
還 |
Old Chinese |
/*ɡʷraːn/ |
Definitions[edit]
還
- to return to a place; to go back to a place
- to return an object; to give back
- to do or give something in return
- A surname.
Compounds[edit]
Pronunciation 2[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou, Jyutping): waan4
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): van3
- Gan (Wiktionary): hat6 / hai2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàn / vàn
- Jin (Wiktionary): han1
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): hhe (T3)
- Xiang (Wiktionary): hai2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˊ
- Wade-Giles: hai2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hair
- IPA (key): /xaɪ̯³⁵/
-
- (Standard Chinese, literary variant)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˊ
- Wade-Giles: huan2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwan
- IPA (key): /xu̯a̠n³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: hai2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xai
- IPA (key): /xai²¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: waan4
- Yale: wàahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: waan4
- Guangdong Romanization: wan4
- IPA (key): /wɑːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: van3
- IPA (key): /van²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: hat6 / hai2
- IPA (key): /hat̚⁵/, /hai²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàn
- Hakka Romanization System: hanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: han2
- IPA: /han¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàn / vàn
- Hakka Romanization System: hanˇ / vanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: han2 / van2
- IPA: /han¹¹/, /van¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: han1
- IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâi
- Tâi-lô: hâi
- Phofsit Daibuun: haai
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /haɪ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /haɪ¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: huan1 / huan5 / han5 / huang5 / huêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huaⁿ / huâⁿ / hâⁿ / huâng / huêng
- IPA (key): /hũã³³/, /hũã⁵⁵/, /hã⁵⁵/, /huaŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- huan1/huan5/han5 - vernacular;
- huang5/huêng5 - literary.
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhe (T3)
- IPA (key): /ɦe̞²³/
- (Shanghainese)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: hai2
- IPA (key): /xai¹³/
- (Changsha)
-
Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 還 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /xai³⁵/ |
Harbin | /xai⁵³/ /xai²⁴/ |
|
Tianjin | /xai⁴⁵/ ~有 | |
Jinan | ||
Qingdao | ||
Zhengzhou | ||
Xi'an | ||
Xining | ||
Yinchuan | ||
Lanzhou | /xɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | ||
Wuhan | ||
Chengdu | ||
Guiyang | /xai²¹/ ~是 | |
Kunming | ||
Nanjing | /xae²⁴/ | |
Hefei | ||
Jin | Taiyuan | |
Pingyao | ||
Hohhot | /xæ̃³¹/ ~不走 | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦe²³/ |
Suzhou | ||
Hangzhou | ||
Wenzhou | ||
Hui | Shexian | /uɛ⁴⁴/ ~有 |
Tunxi | /uːə⁴⁴/ ~要 | |
Xiang | Changsha | /xai¹³/ 副詞 |
Xiangtan | ||
Gan | Nanchang | |
Hakka | Meixian | /han¹¹/ ~有 |
Taoyuan | ||
Cantonese | Guangzhou | |
Nanning | ||
Hong Kong | ||
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | ||
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | ||
Shantou (Min Nan) | ||
Haikou (Min Nan) |
Definitions[edit]
還
- still; yet; indicates that the phenomenon or observation still exists or the action is still ongoing
- even more; indicates an increase from a certain level or a supplement
- (before adjectives, mostly positive) passably; (surprisingly) quite
- (often in rhetorical questions) indicates condition and contrast, interchangeable with 都; even
- indicates unexpectedness; really
- indicates past events; emphasising earliness
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 還 (“still; yet”) [map] | ||
---|---|---|
Variety | Location | Words |
Classical Chinese | 猶、尚、還 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 還、仍、尚 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 還 |
Taiwan | 還 | |
Jinan | 還 | |
Jiedian | 還 | |
Xi'an | 還 | |
Lanzhou | 還 | |
Wuhan | 還 | |
Chengdu | 還 | |
Yangzhou | 還 | |
Nanjing | 還 | |
Hefei | 還 | |
Nantong | 還 | |
Malaysia | 還 | |
Singapore | 還 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 重 |
Hong Kong | 重 | |
Shunde | 重 | |
Foshan | 重 | |
Zhongshan | 還 | |
Dongguan | 重 | |
Hong Kong (Weitou) | 重 | |
Taishan | 還 | |
Doumen | 重 | |
Kaiping | 還 | |
Shaoguan | 重 | |
Yunfu | 重 | |
Yangjiang | 還 | |
Xinyi | 重 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 還 |
Pingxiang | 還 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 還 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 還 | |
Liudui (S. Sixian) | 還 | |
Hsinchu (Hailu) | 還 | |
Dongshi (Dabu) | 還 | |
Zhuolan (Raoping) | 還 | |
Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 猶 | |
Hong Kong | 還 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 還 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 還 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 固 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 固 |
Matsu | 固 | |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 猶、猶閣 |
Quanzhou | 猶、猶閣 | |
Zhangzhou | 猶、猶閣 | |
Taipei | 猶、猶閣 | |
Kaohsiung | 猶、猶閣 | |
Penang | 閣 | |
Chaozhou | 還 | |
Pinghua | Nanning | 重 |
Wu | Shanghai | 還 |
Suzhou | 還 | |
Wenzhou | 還 | |
Danyang | 還 | |
Jinhua | 還 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 還 |
Shuangfeng | 還 | |
Loudi | 還 |
Compounds[edit]
Pronunciation 3[edit]
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄢˊ
- Wade-Giles: hsüan2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyuan
- IPA (key): /ɕy̯ɛn³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: syun4
- Yale: syùhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: syn4
- Guangdong Romanization: xun4
- IPA (key): /ɕyːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
Rime | |
---|---|
Character | 還 |
Reading # | 2/2 |
Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
Final (韻) | 仙 (78) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
Openness (開合) | Closed |
Division (等) | III |
Fanqie | 似宣切 |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ziuᴇn/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/zʷiɛn/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/zjuæn/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/zwian/ |
Li Rong |
/ziuɛn/ |
Wang Li |
/zĭwɛn/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/zi̯wɛn/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xuán |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 還 |
Reading # | 2/2 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xuán |
Middle Chinese |
‹ zjwen › |
Old Chinese |
/*s-ɢʷen/ |
English | turn around, return; agile |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 還 |
Reading # | 2/2 |
No. | 16244 |
Phonetic component |
睘 |
Rime group |
元 |
Rime subdivision |
1 |
Corresponding MC rime |
旋 |
Old Chinese |
/*sɢʷan/ |
Definitions[edit]
還
- † Alternative form of 旋 (xuán, “to rotate; to turn around”).
- † nimble; agile
- † immediately
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Readings[edit]
- Goon: げん (gen); ぜん (zen)
- Kan’on: かん (kan, Jōyō); せん (sen)
- Kan’yōon: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kun: かえる (kaeru, 還る); また (mata, 還); めぐる (meguru)
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
還 • (hwan, seon) (hangeul 환, 선)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
還 (hoàn)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
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