還
Appearance
See also: 还
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]還 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+13, 17 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 16 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 卜田中女 (YWLV), four-corner 36303, composition ⿺辶睘)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1266, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39174
- Dae Jaweon: page 1764, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3888, character 2
- Unihan data for U+9084
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 還 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 还* |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 還 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
癏 | *kʷraːn |
擐 | *kʷraːn, *ɡʷraːns |
還 | *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan |
環 | *ɡʷraːn |
鬟 | *ɡʷraːn |
寰 | *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷeːns |
闤 | *ɡʷraːn |
糫 | *ɡʷraːn |
圜 | *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷen |
鐶 | *ɡʷraːn |
轘 | *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷraːns |
澴 | *ɡʷraːn |
繯 | *ɡʷraːns, *ɡʷeːnʔ |
檈 | *sɢʷan, *sɢʷin |
儇 | *qʰʷen |
翾 | *qʰʷen |
蠉 | *qʰʷen, *qʰʷenʔ |
嬛 | *qʰʷen, *qʷen, *ɡʷeŋ |
譞 | *qʰʷen |
懁 | *kʷeːns |
獧 | *kʷeːns |
噮 | *qʷeːns |
彋 | *ɡʷreːŋ, *ɡʷreːŋ |
睘 | *ɡʷeŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return.
Etymology
[edit]- “to return”
- From Austroasiatic; compare Khmer រង្វាន់ (rŭəngvŏən, “reward; award; bonus”) (Schuessler, 2007). Probably related to 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn, “ring; to encircle”) (ibid.).
- "still; also"
- The Mandarin reading hái is perhaps from huán (huán → hán → hái), ultimately from the verb sense "to return" (Zhao, 2018).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): huan2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуан (huan, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): uan4 / fan4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): huan1
- Northern Min (KCR): hîng / ǔing
- Eastern Min (BUC): hèng / huàng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): he2 / hiⁿ2 / hai2 / huang2 / huong2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6we
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fan2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huán
- Wade–Giles: huan2
- Yale: hwán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwan
- Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯än³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: huan2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuan
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuan²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуан (huan, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waan4
- Yale: wàahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: waan4
- Guangdong Romanization: wan4
- Sinological IPA (key): /waːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: van3
- Sinological IPA (key): /van²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: uan4 / fan4
- Sinological IPA (key): /uan³⁵/, /fan³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vàn
- Hakka Romanization System: vanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: van2
- Sinological IPA: /van¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: huan1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hîng / ǔing
- Sinological IPA (key): /xiŋ³³/, /uiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hèng / huàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɛiŋ⁵³/, /huaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- hèng - vernacular;
- huàng - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: he2
- Sinological IPA (key): /he¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hiⁿ2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hĩ¹³/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hai2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hai¹³/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huang2
- Sinological IPA (key): /huaŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huong2
- Sinological IPA (key): /huoŋ¹³/
- (Putian, Putian)
Note:
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Taichung, Singapore, Philippines)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kinmen, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hâinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvaai
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hãi²³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen, Taipei): /hãi²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân
- Tâi-lô: hân
- Phofsit Daibuun: haan
- IPA (Yilan): /han²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hn̂g
- Tâi-lô: hn̂g
- Phofsit Daibuun: hngg
- IPA (Lukang): /hŋ̍²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoân
- Tâi-lô: huân
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoaan
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan²³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Philippines): /huan²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /huan¹³/
Note:
- hêng/hâiⁿ/hân/hn̂g - vernacular;
- hoân - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hoin5 / hain5 / huang5 / huêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hôiⁿ / hâiⁿ / huâng / huêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hõĩ⁵⁵/, /hãĩ⁵⁵/, /huaŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- hoin5/hain5 - vernacular;
- huang5/huêng5 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: hwaen
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤ<r>en/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraːn/
Definitions
[edit]還
- to return to a place; to go back to a place
- to return an object; to give back
- to do or give something in return
- (Cantonese) to treat separately
- 1995, Out of the Dark, spoken by Leon (Stephen Chow):
- (Malaysian Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, obsolete in Philippine Hokkien) to pay
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]Dialectal synonyms of 還 (“to return; to give back”) [map]
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 還 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 還 |
Taiwan | 還 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 還 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 還 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 還 |
Wuhan | 還 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 還 |
Hefei | 還 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 還 |
Hong Kong | 還 | |
Yangjiang | 還 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 還 |
Hakka | Meixian | 還 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 還 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 還 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 填 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 還 |
Chaozhou | 還 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 還 |
Wenzhou | 還 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 還, 退 |
Shuangfeng | 還 |
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 付 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 付 |
Malaysia | 還, 付 | |
Singapore | 還, 付 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 付 |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 付 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 畀 |
Hong Kong | 畀 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 畀 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 付 |
Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 還 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 付 |
Southern Min | Tainan | 付 |
Penang (Hokkien) | 予 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 還 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 把拉, 還 obsolete | |
Wu | Shanghai | 付 |
Compounds
[edit]- 一報還一報/一报还一报 (yī bào huán yī bào)
- 一尺還他十寸/一尺还他十寸
- 一還一報/一还一报
- 七返九還/七返九还
- 不還/不还
- 乍暖還寒/乍暖还寒 (zhànuǎnhuánhán)
- 九還丹/九还丹
- 交還/交还 (jiāohuán)
- 以牙還牙/以牙还牙 (yǐyáhuányá)
- 以牙還牙,以眼還眼/以牙还牙,以眼还眼
- 以眼還眼/以眼还眼 (yǐyǎnhuányǎn)
- 以還/以还
- 依還/依还
- 借屍還魂/借尸还魂 (jièshīhuánhún)
- 償還/偿还 (chánghuán)
- 六月債,還得快/六月债,还得快
- 劍合珠還/剑合珠还
- 匹馬不還/匹马不还
- 即以其人之道,還治其人之身/即以其人之道,还治其人之身 (jí yǐ qí rén zhī dào, huán zhì qí rén zhī shēn)
- 反本還原/反本还原
- 反老還童/反老还童
- 合浦珠還/合浦珠还 (hépǔzhūhuán)
- 合浦還珠/合浦还珠
- 告老還鄉/告老还乡 (gàolǎohuánxiāng)
- 填還/填还
- 天道好還/天道好还
- 奉還/奉还 (fènghuán)
- 好借好還,再借不難/好借好还,再借不难
- 對還/对还
- 已還/已还
- 往還/往还 (wǎnghuán)
- 得匣還珠/得匣还珠
- 拆骨還父,割肉還母/拆骨还父,割肉还母
- 揭債還債/揭债还债
- 擲還/掷还
- 攤還/摊还
- 有借有還,再借不難/有借有还,再借不难
- 欠債還錢/欠债还钱
- 欲就還推/欲就还推
- 欲語還休/欲语还休
- 欲說還休/欲说还休
- 歸還/归还 (guīhuán)
- 殺人償命,欠債還錢/杀人偿命,欠债还钱 (shārén chángmìng, qiànzhài huánqián)
- 泰極還生否,樂處又逢悲/泰极还生否,乐处又逢悲
- 清還/清还 (qīnghuán)
- 漫天要價,就地還錢/漫天要价,就地还钱
- 漫天討價,著地還錢/漫天讨价,著地还钱
- 父債子還/父债子还
- 珠還/珠还
- 珠還合浦/珠还合浦
- 璧還/璧还 (bìhuán)
- 生還/生还 (shēnghuán)
- 發還/发还 (fāhuán)
- 瞞天討價,就地還錢/瞒天讨价,就地还钱
- 納還/纳还
- 繳還/缴还 (jiǎohuán)
- 若有還無/若有还无
- 若還/若还
- 血債血還/血债血还 (xuèzhàixuèhuán)
- 衣錦還鄉/衣锦还乡
- 補還/补还
- 要價還價/要价还价
- 討價還價/讨价还价 (tǎojiàhuánjià)
- 買櫝還珠/买椟还珠 (mǎidúhuánzhū)
- 返本還原/返本还原
- 返老還童/返老还童 (fǎnlǎohuántóng)
- 退還/退还 (tuìhuán)
- 送還/送还 (sònghuán)
- 還丹/还丹
- 還以顏色/还以颜色
- 還來/还来 (huánlái)
- 還俗/还俗 (huánsú)
- 還債/还债 (huánzhài)
- 還價/还价 (huánjià)
- 還元返本/还元返本
- 還券/还券
- 還原/还原 (huányuán)
- 還原劑/还原剂 (huányuánjì)
- 還原反應/还原反应
- 還原焰/还原焰
- 還嘴/还嘴 (huánzuǐ)
- 還報/还报 (huánbào)
- 還嬰/还婴
- 還席/还席
- 還帳/还帐
- 還忌/还忌
- 還性/还性
- 還惺/还惺
- 還我河山/还我河山
- 還手/还手 (huánshǒu)
- 還押/还押 (huányā)
- 還擊/还击 (huánjī)
- 還政/还政 (huánzhèng)
- 還本/还本
- 還淳反樸/还淳反朴
- 還淳返樸/还淳返朴
- 還珠合浦/还珠合浦
- 還珠返璧/还珠返璧
- 還目/还目
- 還禮/还礼 (huánlǐ)
- 還翰/还翰
- 還言/还言
- 還辟
- 還鄉/还乡 (huánxiāng)
- 還都/还都 (huándū)
- 還錢/还钱 (huánqián)
- 還陽/还阳 (huányáng)
- 還願/还愿 (huányuàn)
- 還飆/还飙
- 還首/还首
- 還魂/还魂 (huánhún)
- 還魂記/还魂记
- 錦還/锦还
- 附過還職/附过还职
- 鳳還巢/凤还巢
Descendants
[edit]- → Thai: หวน (hǔuan)
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hai2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): hat6 / hai2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): hai1
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghe; 1e; 6we
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hai2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hái
- Wade–Giles: hai2
- Yale: hái
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hair
- Palladius: хай (xaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xaɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, literary variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huán
- Wade–Giles: huan2
- Yale: hwán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwan
- Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯än³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: hai2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xai
- Sinological IPA (key): /xai²¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waan4
- Yale: wàahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: waan4
- Guangdong Romanization: wan4
- Sinological IPA (key): /waːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: van3
- Sinological IPA (key): /van²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: hat6 / hai2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hat̚⁵/, /hai²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàn
- Hakka Romanization System: hanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: han2
- Sinological IPA: /han¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàn / vàn
- Hakka Romanization System: hanˇ / vanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: han2 / van2
- Sinological IPA: /han¹¹/, /van¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: hai1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xai¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hai2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hai¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâi
- Tâi-lô: hâi
- Phofsit Daibuun: haai
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hai²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: huan1 / huan5 / han5 / huang5 / huêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huaⁿ / huâⁿ / hâⁿ / huâng / huêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hũã³³/, /hũã⁵⁵/, /hã⁵⁵/, /huaŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
Note:
- huan1/huan5/han5 - vernacular;
- huang5/huêng5 - literary.
- Dialectal data
Definitions
[edit]還
- still; yet; indicates that the phenomenon or observation still exists or the action is still ongoing
- also; as well
- even more; indicates an increase from a certain level or a supplement
- (before adjectives, mostly positive) passably; (surprisingly) quite
- (often in rhetorical questions) indicates condition and contrast, interchangeable with 都 (dōu); even
- indicates unexpectedness; really
- indicates past events; emphasising earliness
- (Hakka, usually in exclamation) very
- 還大雨噢!/还大雨噢! [Meixian Hakka] ― han2 tai4 yi3 o3! [Hakka Transliteration Scheme] ― It's raining heavily!
Synonyms
[edit]Dialectal synonyms of 還 (“still; yet”) [map]
Compounds
[edit]- 八字還沒一撇兒/八字还没一撇儿 (bā zì hái méi yī piěr)
- 判官還講三分理/判官还讲三分理
- 好戲還在後頭/好戏还在后头 (hǎoxì hái zài hòutou)
- 心病還得心藥醫/心病还得心药医
- 打虎還得親兄弟/打虎还得亲兄弟
- 比上天還難/比上天还难
- 比登天還難/比登天还难 (bǐ dēngtiān hái nán)
- 狗嘴裡還有象牙/狗嘴里还有象牙
- 解鈴還是繫鈴人/解铃还是系铃人
- 解鈴還須繫鈴人/解铃还须系铃人 (jiě líng hái xū xì líng rén)
- 還了得/还了得
- 還來/还来 (huánlái)
- 還可以/还可以 (háikěyǐ)
- 還好/还好 (háihǎo)
- 還早/还早
- 還是/还是 (háishì)
- 還有/还有 (háiyǒu)
- 還有一說/还有一说
- 還未/还未
- 還沒有/还没有
- 隔牆還有耳/隔墙还有耳
Pronunciation 3
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): syun4
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): soeng2 / syeng2
- Southern Min (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): xieng5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: syuán
- Wade–Giles: hsüan2
- Yale: sywán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyuan
- Palladius: сюань (sjuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕy̯ɛn³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: syun4
- Yale: syùhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: syn4
- Guangdong Romanization: xun4
- Sinological IPA (key): /syːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: soeng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬœŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: syeng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬyøŋ¹³/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: zjwen
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷen/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sɢʷan/
Definitions
[edit]還
- † Alternative form of 旋 (“to rotate; to turn around”)
- † nimble; agile
- † immediately
References
[edit]- 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “还”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, pages 260, 291.
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “还”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 270.
Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | 還 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
還󠄁 還+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
還󠄃 還+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit]還
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: げん (gen)、ぜん (zen)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)、せん (sen)
- Kan’yō-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kun: かえる (kaeru, 還る)、また (mata, 還)、めぐる (meguru)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
還 |
かん Grade: S |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 還 (MC hwaen).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]- to return
References
[edit]- ^ “還”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]還 • (hwan, seon) (hangeul 환, 선)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
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