還

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 还
還 U+9084, 還
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9084
← 邃
[U+9083] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 邅 →
[U+9085]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

還 (radical 162, 辵+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜田中女 (YWLV), four-corner 36303, composition ⿺辶睘)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1266, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39174
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1764, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3888, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+9084

Chinese[edit]

trad. 還
simp. 还*

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 還
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
還-bronze.svg 還-silk.svg 還-seal.svg 還-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (睘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
癏 *kʷraːn
擐 *kʷraːn, *ɡʷraːns
還 *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan
環 *ɡʷraːn
鬟 *ɡʷraːn
寰 *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷeːns
闤 *ɡʷraːn
糫 *ɡʷraːn
圜 *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷen
鐶 *ɡʷraːn
轘 *ɡʷraːn, *ɡʷraːns
澴 *ɡʷraːn
繯 *ɡʷraːns, *ɡʷeːnʔ
檈 *sɢʷan, *sɢʷin
儇 *qʰʷen
翾 *qʰʷen
蠉 *qʰʷen, *qʰʷenʔ
嬛 *qʰʷen, *qʷen, *ɡʷeŋ
譞 *qʰʷen
懁 *kʷeːns
獧 *kʷeːns
噮 *qʷeːns
彋 *ɡʷreːŋ, *ɡʷreːŋ
睘 *ɡʷeŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return.

Etymology[edit]

“to return”
From Austroasiatic; compare Khmer រង្វាន់ (rŭəngvŏən, “reward; award; bonus”) (Schuessler, 2007). Probably related to 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn, “ring; to encircle”) (ibid.).
EB1911 - Volume 01 - Page 001 - 1.svg This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is the Mandarin reading of hai2 the result of repurposing an existing character? It doesn't seem to be related to non-Mandarin readings and the Old/Middle Chinese data.”

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • uan4 - “to return (an object)”;
  • fan4 - used in compounds, e.g. 還原／还原.
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • hèng - vernacular;
    • huàng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • hêng/hâiⁿ/hân/hn̂g - vernacular;
    • hoân - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hoin5 / hain5 / huang5 / huêng5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hôiⁿ / hâiⁿ / huâng / huêng
      • IPA (key): /hõĩ⁵⁵/, /hãĩ⁵⁵/, /huaŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/
    Note:
    • hoin5/hain5 - vernacular;
    • huang5/huêng5 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 還
    Mandarin Beijing /xuan³⁵/
    Harbin /xuan²⁴/
    Tianjin /xuan⁴⁵/ ～原
    Jinan /xuã⁴²/
    Qingdao /xuã⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xuan⁴²/
    Xi'an /xuã²⁴/
    Xining /xuã²⁴/
    Yinchuan /xuan⁵³/ 归～
    Lanzhou /xuɛ̃n⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xuan⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xuan²¹³/
    Chengdu /xuan³¹/
    Guiyang /xuan²¹/ 歸～
    Kunming /xuã̠³¹/
    Nanjing /xuaŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /xuæ̃⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xuæ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /xuɑŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /xuæ̃³¹/ ～東西
    Wu Shanghai /ɦue²³/
    Suzhou /ɦue̞¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦuõ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /va³¹/
    Hui Shexian /xuɛ⁴⁴/ 歸～
    Tunxi /uɛ⁴⁴/ 歸～
    Xiang Changsha /fan¹³/ ～價
    Xiangtan /ɸan¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /uan⁴⁵/ 有借有～
    /fan⁴⁵/ ～原
    Hakka Meixian /fan¹¹/ ～原
    Taoyuan /hɑn¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /wan²¹/
    Nanning /wan²¹/
    Hong Kong /wan²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /huan³⁵/
    /hãi³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /huaŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xiŋ³³/
    /uiŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /huaŋ⁵⁵/
    /hõi⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /huaŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 還
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 刪 (70)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 戸關切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠuan/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦʷᵚan/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣuɐn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦwaɨn/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣuan/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣwan/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣwan/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		huán
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 還
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		huán
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hwæn ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ʷˤ<r>en/
    English turn around; return

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 還
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 16230
    Phonetic
    component         		睘
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		還
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡʷraːn/

    Definitions[edit]

    還

    1. to return to a place; to go back to a place
      還家 / 还家  ―  huánjiā  ―  to return home
      還鄉 / 还乡  ―  huánxiāng  ―  to return to one's hometown
      還原 / 还原  ―  huányuán  ―  to return to the original state, [chemistry] to reduce
      還俗 / 还俗  ―  huánsú  ―  to resume secular life
    2. to return an object; to give back
      償還 / 偿还  ―  chánghuán  ―  to reimburse
      還書 / 还书  ―  huánshū  ―  to return the books (to the library)
      欠錢不還 / 欠钱不还  ―  qiàn qián bù huán  ―  to owe money (without the intention of paying back)
      把我的手機還給我。 [MSC, trad.]
      把我的手机还给我。 [MSC, simp.]
      Bǎ wǒ de shǒujī huán gěi wǒ. [Pinyin]
      Give my mobile back to me.
    3. to do or give something in return
      還嘴 / 还嘴  ―  huánzuǐ  ―  to retort
      還手 / 还手  ―  huánshǒu  ―  to hit back
      還禮 / 还礼  ―  huánlǐ  ―  to present a gift in return
      還擊 / 还击  ―  huánjī  ―  to fight back
      還價 / 还价  ―  huánjià  ―  to make a counter-offer buying price
      以眼還眼，以牙還牙 [MSC, trad.]
      以眼还眼，以牙还牙 [MSC, simp.]
      yǐ yǎn huán yǎn, yǐ yá huán yá [Pinyin]
      [literally] an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth; tit for tat
    4. A surname​.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 還

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • huan1/huan5/han5 - vernacular;
    • huang5/huêng5 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 還
    Mandarin Beijing /xai³⁵/
    Harbin /xai⁵³/
    /xai²⁴/
    Tianjin /xai⁴⁵/ ～有
    Jinan
    Qingdao
    Zhengzhou
    Xi'an
    Xining
    Yinchuan
    Lanzhou /xɛ̃n⁵³/
    Ürümqi
    Wuhan
    Chengdu
    Guiyang /xai²¹/ ～是
    Kunming
    Nanjing /xae²⁴/
    Hefei
    Jin Taiyuan
    Pingyao
    Hohhot /xæ̃³¹/ ～不走
    Wu Shanghai /ɦe²³/
    Suzhou
    Hangzhou
    Wenzhou
    Hui Shexian /uɛ⁴⁴/ ～有
    Tunxi /uːə⁴⁴/ ～要
    Xiang Changsha /xai¹³/ 副詞
    Xiangtan
    Gan Nanchang
    Hakka Meixian /han¹¹/ ～有
    Taoyuan
    Cantonese Guangzhou
    Nanning
    Hong Kong
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan)
    Fuzhou (Min Dong)
    Jian'ou (Min Bei)
    Shantou (Min Nan)
    Haikou (Min Nan)

    Definitions[edit]

    還

    1. still; yet; indicates that the phenomenon or observation still exists or the action is still ongoing
      他還沒來。 / 他还没来。  ―  Tā hái méi lái.  ―  He hasn't come yet.
      你怎麼還沒到？ / 你怎么还没到？  ―  Nǐ zěnme hái méi dào?  ―  Why are you still not here?
      十點了，他還在工作。 [MSC, trad.]
      十点了，他还在工作。 [MSC, simp.]
      Shí diǎn le, tā hái zài gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
      It's ten o'clock already and he is still working.
      幾年不見，她還是那麼漂亮。 [MSC, trad.]
      几年不见，她还是那么漂亮。 [MSC, simp.]
      Jǐ nián bù jiàn, tā hái shì nàme piàoliàng. [Pinyin]
      She is still very beautiful after all these years.
    2. even more; indicates an increase from a certain level or a supplement
      今年比去年還冷。 / 今年比去年还冷。  ―  Jīnnián bǐ qùnián hái lěng.  ―  This year is even colder than last year.
      考試完還要上課。 / 考试完还要上课。  ―  Kǎoshì wán hái yào shàngkè.  ―  (I) still have classes after the exams.
      他賠了一大筆錢，還丟了工作。 [MSC, trad.]
      他赔了一大笔钱，还丢了工作。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā péi le yī dà bǐ qián, hái diū le gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
      He lost a lot of money and even his job.
    3. (before adjectives, mostly positive) passably; (surprisingly) quite
      我的成績還可以。 / 我的成绩还可以。  ―  Wǒ de chéngjī hái kěyǐ.  ―  I have a passable grade.
      屋子不大，收拾得倒還乾淨。 [MSC, trad.]
      屋子不大，收拾得倒还干净。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wūzi bù dà, shōushi dé dǎo hái qiánjìng. [Pinyin]
      It's quite clean for such a small room.
      孩子不大，還挺懂事的。 [MSC, trad.]
      孩子不大，还挺懂事的。 [MSC, simp.]
      Háizi bù dà, hái tǐng dǒngshì de. [Pinyin]
      The small kid is surprisingly quite sensible.
      這蛋糕還挺好吃的。 [MSC, trad.]
      这蛋糕还挺好吃的。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè dàngāo hái tǐng hǎochī de. [Pinyin]
      That was a pretty tasty cake.
    4. (often in rhetorical questions) indicates condition and contrast, interchangeable with 都; even
      你還搬不動，何況我呢？ [MSC, trad.]
      你还搬不动，何况我呢？ [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ hái bān bù dòng, hékuàng wǒ ne? [Pinyin]
      Even you can't move it, let alone me.
    5. indicates unexpectedness; really
      他還真有辦法。 / 他还真有办法。  ―  Tā hái zhēn yǒu bànfǎ.  ―  Surprisingly he has a way to do this.
    6. indicates past events; emphasising earliness
      還在幾年以前，我們就研究過這個方案。 [MSC, trad.]
      还在几年以前，我们就研究过这个方案。 [MSC, simp.]
      Hái zài jǐ nián yǐqián, wǒmen jiù yánjiū guò zhège fāng'àn. [Pinyin]
      The proposal has been studied by us a couple of years ago (and now you made the suggestion to study it).
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 還 (“still; yet”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 猶、尚、還
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 還、仍、尚
    Mandarin Beijing 還
    Taiwan 還
    Jinan 還
    Jiedian 還
    Xi'an 還
    Lanzhou 還
    Wuhan 還
    Chengdu 還
    Yangzhou 還
    Nanjing 還
    Hefei 還
    Nantong 還
    Malaysia 還
    Singapore 還
    Cantonese Guangzhou 重
    Hong Kong 重
    Shunde 重
    Foshan 重
    Zhongshan 還
    Dongguan 重
    Hong Kong (Weitou) 重
    Taishan 還
    Doumen 重
    Kaiping 還
    Shaoguan 重
    Yunfu 重
    Yangjiang 還
    Xinyi 重
    Gan Nanchang 還
    Pingxiang 還
    Hakka Meixian 還
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 還
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 還
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 還
    Dongshi (Dabu) 還
    Zhuolan (Raoping) 還
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 猶
    Hong Kong 還
    Huizhou Jixi 還
    Jin Taiyuan 還
    Min Bei Jian'ou 固
    Min Dong Fuzhou 固
    Matsu 固
    Min Nan Xiamen 猶、猶閣
    Quanzhou 猶、猶閣
    Zhangzhou 猶、猶閣
    Taipei 猶、猶閣
    Kaohsiung 猶、猶閣
    Penang 閣
    Chaozhou 還
    Pinghua Nanning 重
    Wu Shanghai 還
    Suzhou 還
    Wenzhou 還
    Danyang 還
    Jinhua 還
    Xiang Changsha 還
    Shuangfeng 還
    Loudi 還

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 還

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Rime
    Character 還
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 邪 (17)
    Final (韻) 仙 (78)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 似宣切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ziuᴇn/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/zʷiɛn/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/zjuæn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/zwian/
    Li
    Rong         		/ziuɛn/
    Wang
    Li         		/zĭwɛn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/zi̯wɛn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xuán
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 還
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xuán
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ zjwen ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*s-ɢʷen/
    English turn around, return; agile

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 還
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 16244
    Phonetic
    component         		睘
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		旋
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sɢʷan/

    Definitions[edit]

    還

    1. † Alternative form of 旋 (xuán, “to rotate; to turn around”).
    2. † nimble; agile
    3. † immediately

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    還

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    還 • (hwan, seon) (hangeul 환, 선)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    還 (hoàn)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=還&oldid=49348778"