研究

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See also: 硏究

Chinese[edit]

grind fine; study; research after all; to investigate; to study carefully
trad. (研究) 研 究
simp. #(研究) 研 究
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Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ngiêng5 giu3 - Chaozhou;
  • ngiang5 giu3 - Shantou.
Rime
Character 研 究
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 先 (85) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) IV III
Fanqie 吾甸切 居祐切
Baxter ngenH kjuwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋenH/ /kɨuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋenH/ /kiuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋɛnH/ /kiəuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɛnH/ /kuwH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋenH/ /kiuH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋienH/ /kĭəuH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋienH/ /ki̯ə̯uH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yàn jiù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jin6 gau3

Verb[edit]

研究

  1. (intransitive, transitive) to research; to study
    進行研究／进行研究  ―  jìnxíng yánjiū  ―  to conduct research
    研究方向  ―  yánjiū fāngxiàng  ―  research direction
    研究方法  ―  yánjiū fāngfǎ  ―  research method
    研究成果  ―  yánjiū chéngguǒ  ―  research findings
    科學研究／科学研究  ―  kēxué yánjiū  ―  scientific research
    研究對象／研究对象  ―  yánjiū duìxiàng  ―  research subject
    研究開發／研究开发  ―  yánjiū kāifā  ―  to research and develop; to do R&D
  2. (transitive) to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate
    這個問題有待研究。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个问题有待研究。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhège wèntí yǒudài yánjiū. [Pinyin]
    This problem requires discussion.

Synonyms[edit]

  • (to research):
  • (to deliberate):

Related terms[edit]

Noun[edit]

研究

  1. (countable, uncountable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)
    做一項研究／做一项研究  ―  zuò yī xiàng yánjiū  ―  to conduct a research
    可行性研究  ―  kěxíngxìng yánjiū  ―  feasibility study

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (研究):

See also[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
研 究
けん
Grade: 3 		きゅう
Grade: 3
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
硏究 (kyūjitai)

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuH?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.

The original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

研(けん)究(きゅう) • (kenkyū) 

  1. a piece of research, a study, investigation
    • 1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感:
      間違(まちが)える事(こと)なしには研究(けんきゅう)は進(すす)められない。
      Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.
      Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.

Derived terms[edit]

Verb[edit]

研(けん)究(きゅう)する • (kenkyū suru) suru (stem 研(けん)究(きゅう)し (kenkyū shi), past 研(けん)究(きゅう)した (kenkyū shita))

  1. to research, to study
    • 1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術:
      これらの作品(さくひん)が研究(けんきゅう)された。
      Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.
      These works have been studied.

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of "研究する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 研究し けんきゅうし kenkyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 研究し けんきゅうし kenkyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 研究する けんきゅうする kenkyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 研究する けんきゅうする kenkyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 研究すれ けんきゅうすれ kenkyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 研究せよ¹
研究しろ² 		けんきゅうせよ¹
けんきゅうしろ² 		kenkyū seyo¹
kenkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 研究される けんきゅうされる kenkyū sareru
Causative 研究させる
研究さす 		けんきゅうさせる
けんきゅうさす 		kenkyū saseru
kenkyū sasu
Potential 研究できる けんきゅうできる kenkyū dekiru
Volitional 研究しよう けんきゅうしよう kenkyū shiyō
Negative 研究しない けんきゅうしない kenkyū shinai
Negative continuative 研究せず けんきゅうせず kenkyū sezu
Formal 研究します けんきゅうします kenkyū shimasu
Perfective 研究した けんきゅうした kenkyū shita
Conjunctive 研究して けんきゅうして kenkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional 研究すれば けんきゅうすれば kenkyū sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean[edit]

Hanja in this term
研究

Noun[edit]

研究 • (yeon'gu) (hangeul 연구)

  1. Alternative form of 硏究 (“research”)

Vietnamese[edit]

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
研究

Verb[edit]

研究

  1. chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu (“to research”).
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