研

See also: 硎 and 硏

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

研 (radical 112 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 1164₀, composition ⿰石开)

Derived characters

• 揅

References

• KangXi: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
• Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2418, character 14
• Unihan data for U+7814

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		研

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yán (yan²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jin⁴, ngaan⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngân
• Min Nan (POJ): géng

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: yán
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
    • Wade-Giles: yen²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
    • IPA ^(key): /i̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jin⁴, ngaan⁴
    • Yale: yìhn, ngàahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jin⁴, ngaan⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /jiːn²¹/, /ŋɑːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngân
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngan´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngan¹
    • IPA: /ŋan²⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: géng
    • Tâi-lô: gíng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: geang
    • IPA (Taipei): /giɪŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /giɪŋ⁵³/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 研
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iã²⁴/
	Xining	/iã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/niɛn⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ȵian⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/nian⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ien²⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵie̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/ie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi⁵³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiẽ̞³³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ne³⁵/
	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵiẽ³³/
	Xiangtan	/ȵiẽ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋan⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/ŋien²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jin²¹/
	Nanning	/in²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jin²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/gian³⁵/ /giŋ⁵³/ 俗
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋieŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋaiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋiaŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ŋin²³/ ～究 /ŋai²¹³/ ～碎

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• Middle Chinese: /ŋen^H/▼

Rime
Character	研
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	吾甸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋenH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋenH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɛnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɛnH/
Li Rong	/ŋenH/
Wang Li	/ŋienH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋienH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤe[r]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡeːn/, /*ŋeːns/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	研
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ˤe[r]/
English	grind; examine
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	研	研
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6171	6176
Phonetic component	幵	幵
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	姸	硯
Old Chinese	/*ŋɡeːn/	/*ŋeːns/

Definitions

研

1. to grind, to rub, to sharpen
2. study, research

Compounds

• 研究 (yánjiū)

• 研製／研制 (yánzhì)

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Japanese

Kanji

研

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. to polish
2. study of ...
3. to sharpen

Readings

• Goon: げん (gen) (non-Jōyō reading)
• Kan’on: げん (gen) (non-Jōyō reading)
• Kan’yōon: けん (ken)
• Kun: とぐ (togu), みがく (migaku)

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Korean

Hanja

研 • ‎(yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune-Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

研 (nghiên, tên, nghiền, nghiện)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm , NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999