研
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Traditional | 研 |
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Simplified | 研 |
Japanese | 研 |
Korean | 硏 |
Han character
[edit]研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 11640, composition ⿰石开)
Derived characters
[edit]See also
[edit]- 硏 (Original form of 研)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
- Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
- Unihan data for U+7814
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
研 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 硏 揅 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 研 | |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).
Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyian1
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jin4 / ngaan4
- Gan (Wiktionary): nyien3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ie1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngǎing
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngiēng / ngiĕng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1gni
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yán
- Wade–Giles: yen2
- Yale: yán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
- Palladius: янь (janʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nyian1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nian
- Sinological IPA (key): /nʲiɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jin4 / ngaan4
- Yale: yìhn / ngàahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: jin4 / ngaan4
- Guangdong Romanization: yin4 / ngan4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiːn²¹/, /ŋaːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- jin4 - literary;
- ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: nyien3
- Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲiɛn²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngân / ngiên
- Hakka Romanization System: nganˊ / ngienˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngan1 / ngian1
- Sinological IPA: /ŋan²⁴/, /ŋi̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngân / ngiân
- Hakka Romanization System: nganˊ / ngianˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngan1 / ngian1
- Sinological IPA: /ŋan²⁴/, /ŋi̯an²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ie1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǎing
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiēng / ngiĕng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ³³/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- ngiēng - vernacular;
- ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究).
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: géng
- Tâi-lô: gíng
- Phofsit Daibuun: geang
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪŋ⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Tainan, Yilan): /ɡiɪŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngúi
- Tâi-lô: nguí
- Phofsit Daibuun: nguie
- IPA (Lukang): /ŋuĩ⁵⁵/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gán
- Tâi-lô: gán
- Phofsit Daibuun: garn
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡan⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngái
- Tâi-lô: ngái
- Phofsit Daibuun: ngae
- IPA (Taipei, Kinmen): /ŋãi⁵³/
Note:
- gián - literary;
- géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiêng2 / ngiang2 / ngiêng5 / ngiang5 / ngoin2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/
Note:
- ngiêng2/ngiang2/ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary (ngiêng2/ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
- ngoin2 - vernacular.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 研 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ian³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ian²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /ian⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /iã⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /iã⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ian⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /iã²⁴/ | |
Xining | /iã²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ian⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /iɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ian⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /niɛn⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /ȵian⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /nian⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /iɛ̃³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ien²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /iĩ⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ie¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ȵie̞¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /ie³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ȵi⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /ȵiɪ¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ȵiẽ̞³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ȵi³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ne³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ȵiẽ³³/ |
Xiangtan | /ȵiẽ³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɛn²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ŋan⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /ŋien²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jin²¹/ |
Nanning | /in²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /jin²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gian³⁵/ /giŋ⁵³/ 俗 |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋieŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋaiŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋiaŋ⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋin²³/ ~究 /ŋai²¹³/ ~碎 |
- Middle Chinese: ngenH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤe[r]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡeːn/
Definitions
[edit]研
- to grind; to rub; to sharpen
- to investigate; to study; to research
- Synonym: 究 (jiū)
- Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).
Compounds
[edit]- 中研 (Zhōngyán)
- 作業研究/作业研究
- 個案研究/个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū)
- 學術研究/学术研究
- 工研院
- 極深研幾/极深研几
- 焚研
- 研京練都/研京练都
- 研修 (yánxiū)
- 研判 (yánpàn)
- 研商 (yánshāng)
- 研幾探賾/研几探赜
- 研幾析理/研几析理
- 研擬/研拟 (yánnǐ)
- 研末
- 研析
- 研桑心計/研桑心计
- 研深覃精
- 研發/研发 (yánfā)
- 研磨 (yánmó)
- 研磨機/研磨机 (yánmójī)
- 研究 (yánjiū)
- 研究員/研究员 (yánjiūyuán)
- 研究室
- 研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ)
- 研究生 (yánjiūshēng)
- 研究院 (yánjiūyuàn)
- 研窮/研穷
- 研精苦思
- 研精覃奧/研精覃奥
- 研精覃思
- 研精鉤深/研精钩深
- 研精靜慮/研精静虑
- 研經鑄史/研经铸史
- 研習/研习 (yánxí)
- 研習營/研习营
- 研習班/研习班
- 研製/研制 (yánzhì)
- 研覈
- 研訂/研订
- 研討/研讨 (yántǎo)
- 研詰/研诘
- 研議/研议
- 研讀/研读 (yándú)
- 研墨 (yánmò)
- 精研 (jīngyán)
- 考研 (kǎoyán)
- 讀研/读研 (dúyán)
- 鑽研/钻研 (zuānyán)
Etymology 2
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”). (This character is a variant form of 硯). |
Japanese
[edit]研 | |
硏 |
Kanji
[edit]研
(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)
Readings
[edit]From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngen); compare Mandarin 研 (yán):
From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngenH); compare Mandarin 研 (yàn):
From native Japanese roots:
- Kun: とぐ (togu, 研ぐ, Jōyō); する (suru, 研る); みがく (migaku, 研く)
- Nanori: あき (aki); かず (kazu); きし (kishi); きよ (kiyo); よし (yoshi)
Compounds
[edit]Derived terms
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên[1], nghiễn[2]
研: Nôm readings: nghiên[1], nghiền[3], nghiện[3], tên[4]
References
[edit]- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading と・ぐ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading す・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading みが・く
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading あき
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading かず
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading きよ
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