Translingual[edit]
Stroke order
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Han character[edit]
研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 11640, composition ⿰石开)
Derived characters[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
- Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
- Unihan data for U+7814
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
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Old Chinese
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笄
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*kŋeː
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枅
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*kŋeː
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蚈
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*kŋeː, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
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羿
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*ŋeːs
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栞
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*ŋ̊ʰaːn
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雃
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*ŋaːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
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詽
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*ŋreːn, *tŋ̊ʰeːn
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揅
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*ŋeːn
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幵
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*kŋeːn
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鳽
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*kŋeːn, *ŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, *ŋreːɡ
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豣
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*kŋeːn, *ŋeːns
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麉
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*kŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
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趼
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*kŋeːnʔ, *ŋeːn, *ŋeːns
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汧
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*ŋ̊ʰeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːns
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岍
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*ŋ̊ʰeːn
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研
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*ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns
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妍
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*ŋeːn
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訮
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*hŋeːn
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鈃
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*ɡeːŋ
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns): semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).
Etymology 1[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Note:
- jin4 - literary;
- ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
Gan
Hakka
Jin
Min Bei
Min Dong
Note:
- ngiēng - vernacular;
- ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究).
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Magong)
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen)
Note:
- gián - literary;
- géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiêng2 / ngiang2 / ngiêng5 / ngiang5 / ngoin2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/
Note:
- ngiêng2/ngiang2/ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary (ngiêng2/ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
- ngoin2 - vernacular.
Wu
Xiang
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
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Character
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研
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Reading #
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1/1
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Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
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yán
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Middle Chinese
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‹ ngen ›
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Old Chinese
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/*[ŋ]ˁe[r]/
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English
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grind; examine
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Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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Zhengzhang system (2003)
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Character
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研
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Reading #
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1/2
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No.
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6171
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Phonetic component
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幵
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Rime group
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元
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Rime subdivision
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2
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Corresponding MC rime
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姸
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Old Chinese
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/*ŋɡeːn/
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Definitions[edit]
研
- to grind; to rub; to sharpen
- to investigate; to study; to research
- Synonym: 究 (jiū)
- Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”). (This character, 研, is a variant form of 硯.)
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Japanese[edit]
研
(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)
- to polish
- study of ...
- to sharpen
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
研 (eumhun 갈 연 (gal yeon))
- Alternative form of 硏 (“Hanja form? of 연 (“grinding”).”)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên[1], nghiễn[2]
研: Nôm readings: nghiên[1], nghiền[3], nghiện[3], tên[4]
- chữ Hán form of nghiên (“to study, to research”).
- Nôm form of nghiền (“to grind”).
References[edit]
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999