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挺

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挺 U+633A, 挺
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-633A
← 挹
[U+6339] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 挻 →
[U+633B]

Translingual

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Han character

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挺 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 手弓大土 (QNKG), four-corner 52041, composition ⿰扌廷)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 432, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12106
  • Dae Jaweon: page 781, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1869, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+633A

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (廷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蜓 *l'eːnʔ, *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
涏 *l'eːns, *l'eːŋʔ
綎 *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l'eːŋ
珽 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ
脡 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ
侹 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *l̥ʰeːŋs
頲 *l'eːŋʔ
廷 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
庭 *l'eːŋ
鼮 *l'eːŋ
莛 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
筳 *l'eːŋ
霆 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
娗 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
挺 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
艇 *l'eːŋʔ
鋌 *l'eːŋʔ
梃 *l'eːŋʔ
誔 *l'eːŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ).

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 挺
alternative forms 𡈼 ancient

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“straight; straighten”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2003, 2007). Compare Burmese ဖြောင့် (hpraung., “straight”), as well as the following Chinese terms:

  • 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, “good, virtuous; to be good at”)
  • 庭 (OC *l'eːŋ, “straight (of growing grain), upright (of morality); courtyard”)
  • 梃 (OC *l'eːŋʔ, “stick, staff, club”)
  • 筳 (OC *l'eːŋ, “bamboo rod”)
  • 鋌 (OC *l'eːŋʔ, “metal rod, ingot”)
  • 珽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, “jade scepter”)

The Sino-Tibetan root is allofamic with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank, palm, flat surface, wing”) (whence 平 (OC *ben, *beŋ, “flat, even”)) and Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)liŋ (“full; to fill”) (whence 盈 (OC *leŋ, “to fill; full, surplus”)), with the semantic core of these roots being a "complete realization of a dimensional quality".

The intensifier usage “quite; very” is most likely a grammaticalized usage from “outstanding; prominent” (Liu, 2008; Yang, 2021). Alternatively, it may be from Manchu ᡨᡝᠨ (ten, “extreme”) (Aixinjueluo, 1993).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • tháⁿ, thán, thíⁿ - vernacular;
  • théng - literary.
Rime
Character 挺 挺
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 定 (7) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 青 (125) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) IV IV
Fanqie 特丁切 徒鼎切
Baxter deng dengX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/deŋ/ /deŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/deŋ/ /deŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/dɛŋ/ /dɛŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dɛjŋ/ /dɛjŋX/
Li
Rong 		/deŋ/ /deŋX/
Wang
Li 		/dieŋ/ /dieŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/dʱieŋ/ /dʱieŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		tíng dìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ting4 ding6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 挺
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		tǐng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ thengX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*l̥ˁeŋʔ/
English stand up straight

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 挺 挺
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12429 12430
Phonetic
component 		廷 廷
Rime
group 		耕 耕
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		庭 挺
Old
Chinese 		/*l'eːŋ/ /*l'eːŋʔ/

Definitions

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挺

  1. straight; erect
    筆挺／笔挺  ―  bǐtǐng  ―  straight; erect
  2. to stick out; to straighten up
    挺起胸膛  ―  tǐng qǐ xiōngtáng  ―  to proudly put one's chest out
    挺直條腰／挺直条腰 [Cantonese]  ―  ting5 zik6 tiu4 jiu1 [Jyutping]  ―  to straighten up one's back
  3. to endure; to stand
    我挺不住了。  ―  Wǒ tǐng bùzhù le.  ―  I can no longer endure this.
    挺過這道坎兒／挺过这道坎儿  ―  tǐng guò zhè dào kǎnr  ―  to persist and overcome this hurdle
  4. to support
    我是挺你的！  ―  Wǒ shì tǐng nǐ de!  ―  I support you!
  5. outstanding; prominent
  6. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin, colloquial) quite; rather; pretty; somewhat
    挺不錯／挺不错  ―  tǐng bùcuò  ―  quite good
    挺可愛／挺可爱  ―  tǐng kě'ài  ―  quite cute
  7. (Shanghainese, Suburban Shanghainese Wu) to remain; to be left behind
    挺下來個餅乾 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    挺下来个饼干 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    5thin-gho6-le6-gheq 5pin-koe1 [Wugniu]
    the biscuits that are left behind
  8. Classifier for machine guns.
Usage notes
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In Standard Mandarin, the degree of 挺 is usually less than 很 (hěn) and 非常 (fēicháng).

Synonyms
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  • (to support):
  • (outstanding):
  • (quite):
Dialectal synonyms of 挺 (“pretty; somewhat; rather”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 挺, 頗, 相當
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 頗
Taiwan 挺, 蠻
Malaysia 很……一下
Cantonese Hong Kong 幾, 幾……下
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 幾……一下
Southern Min Xiamen 嶄然, 不止
Quanzhou 嶄然, 不止
Zhangzhou 嶄然, 不止
Tainan 不止仔
Klang (Hokkien) 並
Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 超級
Malaysia 很, 西北
Singapore 很, 非常
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
Weifang (Weicheng) 綦, 真
Jinan 挺, 楞
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 很
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 很, 好
Chongqing 很
Chongqing (Changshou) 很, 好
Wuhan 蠻, 很
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
Hefei 很
Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
Taishan 好, 十分之
Yangjiang 好
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
Gan Nanchang 蠻
Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還
Huidong (Daling) 好
Wuhua (Meilin) 好
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
Changting 野
Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
Liancheng 樣
Ninghua 好
Ruijin 蠻
Shicheng 蠻
Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
Hong Kong 好
Sabah (Bao'an) 好
Kuching (Hepo) 很
Singapore (Dabu) 好
Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
Singapore (Fuqing) 真
Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
Jinjiang 野, 萬代
Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
Dongshan 真, 非常
Taipei 真, 誠
New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Hsinchu 真, 誠
Kinmen 足, 誠
Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
Medan (Hokkien) 按呢, 真, 誠, 真正
Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
Bangkok (Teochew) 好
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
Haikou 但顧
Qionghai 但顧, 真
Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
Puxian Min Putian 煞, 絕, 滿定, 盡力篤, 若何, 連天, 裂地, 萬靆
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 確傷
Xianyou 煞, 絕, 滿定, 盡力篤, 盡篤, 若何, 一貢, 連天, 裂地
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好, 蠻
Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
Shanghai (Songjiang) 蠻, 交關
Shanghai (Jiading) 蠻, 交關
Shanghai (Chongming) 蠻, 交關
Suzhou 蠻, 窮, 交關
Danyang 蠻, 交關
Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
Shaoxing 蠻, 蠻蠻, 呆呆, 交關
Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
Shuangfeng 蠻
  • (to remain):

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 挺
alternative forms 停
亭

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From 停?”)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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挺

  1. (Cantonese) kind; sort; type

Compounds

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References

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  • “挺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “挺”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 275.

Japanese

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Kanji

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挺

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
挺
ちょう
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Counter

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挺(ちょう) • (-chō) 

  1. long and narrow things such as guns, scissors, candles, inksticks

Etymology 2

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Verb

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挺(てい)する • (tei suru) transitive suru (stem 挺(てい)し (tei shi), past 挺(てい)した (tei shita))

  1. to make go forth; to throw (oneself) forward [with 身を]
    身(み)を挺(てい)して戦(たたか)う
    mi o tei shite tatakau
    to go forth and fight
    • 千の刃濤、桃花染の皇姫 (in Japanese), August, 2016, Windows
      身(み)を挺(てい)して皇国(こうこく)を守(まも)る決断(けつだん)をしたエルザを、この目(め)で見(み)ておきたい。
      mi o tei shite Kōkoku o mamoru ketsudan o shita Eruza o, kono me de mite okitai.
      I want to take a look at Elsa with my own eyes, who decided to throw herself forth in defense of the Empire.
Conjugation
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Conjugation of "挺する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 挺し ていし tei shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 挺し ていし tei shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 挺する ていする tei suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 挺する ていする tei suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 挺すれ ていすれ tei sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 挺せよ¹
挺しろ² 		ていせよ¹
ていしろ² 		tei seyo¹
tei shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 挺される ていされる tei sareru
Causative 挺させる
挺さす 		ていさせる
ていさす 		tei saseru
tei sasu
Potential 挺できる ていできる tei dekiru
Volitional 挺しよう ていしよう tei shiyō
Negative 挺しない ていしない tei shinai
Negative continuative 挺せず ていせず tei sezu
Formal 挺します ていします tei shimasu
Perfective 挺した ていした tei shita
Conjunctive 挺して ていして tei shite
Hypothetical conditional 挺すれば ていすれば tei sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

挺 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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挺: Hán Nôm readings: đĩnh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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