堪

堪 U+582A, 堪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-582A ← 堩 [U+5829] CJK Unified Ideographs 堫 → [U+582B]

Translingual

Han character

堪 (radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 4411₁, composition ⿰土甚)

References

• KangXi: page 233, character 27
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
• Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
• Unihan data for U+582A

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		堪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堪
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
湛	*ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um
媅	*ʔl'uːm
黮	*l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ
糂	*sluːmʔ
堪	*kʰluːm
戡	*kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ
嵁	*kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm
歁	*kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb
勘	*kʰluːms
磡	*kʰuːms
墈	*kʰuːms
偡	*r'uːmʔ
碪	*ʔl'um
椹	*ʔl'um
揕	*ʔl'ums
踸	*l̥ʰumʔ
鍖	*l̥ʰumʔ
斟	*kljum
諶	*ɡljum
愖	*ɡljum
瘎	*ɡljum
煁	*ɡljum
甚	*ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums
葚	*ɦljumʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kān (kan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ham¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khâm
• Min Bei (KCR): káng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kham

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kam¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: kān
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
    • Wade–Giles: kʻan1
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kan
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰän⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ham¹
    • Yale: hām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ham¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khâm
    • Hakka Romanization System: kam´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kam¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kham
    • Tâi-lô: kham
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qafm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kam¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kham
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰam³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰʌm/

Rime
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	口含切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌm/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəm/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəm/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀm/
Wang Li	/kʰɒm/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kān
Middle Chinese	‹ khom ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁ[ə]m/
English	able to bear
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
No.	11271
Phonetic component	甚
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	龕
Old Chinese	/*kʰluːm/

Definitions

堪

1. may; to be capable of
2. to bear; to stand; to resist

Compounds

• 不堪 (bùkān)
• 不堪一擊／不堪一击 (bùkānyījī)
• 不堪之物
• 不堪入目 (bùkānrùmù)
• 不堪入耳
• 不堪其擾／不堪其扰
• 不堪回首 (bùkānhuíshǒu)
• 不堪言狀／不堪言状
• 不堪設想／不堪设想 (bùkānshèxiǎng)
• 不堪負荷／不堪负荷
• 不堪造就
• 凌亂不堪／凌乱不堪
• 可堪

• 國不堪貳／国不堪贰 (guóbùkān'èr)
• 堪培拉 (Kānpéilā)
• 堪憂／堪忧 (kānyōu)
• 堪比
• 堪稱／堪称 (kānchēng)
• 堪薩／堪萨
• 堪薩斯／堪萨斯 (Kānsàsī)
• 堪薩斯州／堪萨斯州
• 堪虞 (kānyú)
• 堪輿／堪舆 (kānyú)
• 情何以堪 (qínghéyǐkān)
• 擁擠不堪／拥挤不堪

• 斯堪的納維亞／斯堪的纳维亚 (Sīkāndínàwéiyà)
• 會堪得／会堪得 (ē-kham-tit)
• 民不堪命
• 狼狽不堪／狼狈不堪
• 痛不堪忍
• 破敗不堪／破败不堪
• 破爛不堪／破烂不堪 (pòlànbùkān)
• 破舊不堪／破旧不堪
• 苦不堪言 (kǔbùkānyán)
• 鄙俗不堪
• 門庭冷落，門堪羅雀／门庭冷落，门堪罗雀
• 難堪／难堪 (nánkān)

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Japanese

Kanji

堪

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: たん (tan)
• Kun: たえる (taeru, 堪える, Jōyō); こらえる (koraeru, 堪える); こたえる (kotaeru, 堪える)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
堪
かん Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC kʰʌm).

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

堪(かん) • (kan) 

1. to bear; to endure
2. capable

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC kʰʌm).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 캄 (Yale: kham) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠m]
• Phonetic hangeul: [감]

Hanja

Wikisource

堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))

1. Hanja form^? of 감 (“to endure; to bear”).
2. Hanja form^? of 감 (“capable”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 불감 (不堪, bulgam)
• 감당 (堪當, gamdang, “coping with; managing”)
• 감내 (堪耐, gamnae, “perseverance”)
• 감인 (堪忍, gamin, “patience, forbearance”)
• 난감 (難堪, nan-gam, “being intolerable; being unbearable; embarrassment”)
• 감능 (堪能, gamneung, “patience, perseverance”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

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Vietnamese

Han character

堪: Hán Nôm readings: kham, khom, khăm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.