堪
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]堪 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 44111, composition ⿰土甚)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 27
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
- Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
- Unihan data for U+582A
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 堪 | |
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simp. # | 堪 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 堪 | ||
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Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
糂 | *sluːmʔ |
堪 | *kʰluːm |
戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
勘 | *kʰluːms |
磡 | *kʰuːms |
墈 | *kʰuːms |
偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
碪 | *ʔl'um |
椹 | *ʔl'um |
揕 | *ʔl'ums |
踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
斟 | *kljum |
諶 | *ɡljum |
愖 | *ɡljum |
瘎 | *ɡljum |
煁 | *ɡljum |
甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums, “extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight.
Etymology
[edit]Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to receive; to endure”), Jingpho khàm (“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ham1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khâm
- Northern Min (KCR): káng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kan
- Wade–Giles: kʻan1
- Yale: kān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
- Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰän⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ham1
- Yale: hām
- Cantonese Pinyin: ham1
- Guangdong Romanization: hem1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐm⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khâm
- Hakka Romanization System: kamˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kam1
- Sinological IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: khom
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/
Definitions
[edit]堪
- may; can; to be capable of; to be able to
- 花開堪折直須折,莫待無花空折枝。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Tang dynasty, author unknown, traditionally ascribed to Du Qiuniang (杜秋娘), 金縷衣 (jīnlǚyī)
- Huā kāi kān zhé zhíxū zhé, mò dài wú huā kōng zhé zhī. [Pinyin]
- When flowers bloom and you’re able to do so, pick them immediately: don’t wait until there are none left to only pick twigs.
花开堪折直须折,莫待无花空折枝。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to bear; to stand; to resist; to endure
- (obsolete) protrusion in the earth
Compounds
[edit]- 七不堪
- 不堪 (bùkān)
- 不堪一擊/不堪一击 (bùkānyījī)
- 不堪七
- 不堪之物
- 不堪入目 (bùkānrùmù)
- 不堪入耳 (bùkānrù'ěr)
- 不堪其擾/不堪其扰 (bùkānqírǎo)
- 不堪回首 (bùkānhuíshǒu)
- 不堪言狀/不堪言状
- 不堪設想/不堪设想 (bùkānshèxiǎng)
- 不堪負荷/不堪负荷
- 不堪造就
- 不復堪命/不复堪命
- 仲堪
- 任堪
- 何堪
- 依瑪堪/依玛堪
- 克堪
- 凌亂不堪
- 可堪
- 國不堪貳/国不堪贰 (guóbùkān'èr)
- 堪㐨
- 堪可
- 堪坏
- 堪培拉 (Kānpéilā)
- 堪堪
- 堪士
- 堪巖/堪岩
- 堪布 (kānbù)
- 堪忍
- 堪憂/堪忧 (kānyōu)
- 堪比
- 堪火
- 堪稱/堪称 (kānchēng)
- 堪笑
- 堪能 (kānnéng)
- 堪薩/堪萨
- 堪薩斯/堪萨斯 (Kānsàsī)
- 堪薩斯州/堪萨斯州
- 堪虞 (kānyú)
- 堪輿/堪舆 (kānyú)
- 堪輿家/堪舆家
- 堪達罕/堪达罕 (kāndáhǎn)
- 富堪敵國/富堪敌国
- 差堪
- 弗堪
- 情何以堪 (qínghéyǐkān)
- 擁擠不堪/拥挤不堪
- 斯堪的納維亞/斯堪的纳维亚 (Sīkāndínàwéiyà)
- 會堪得/会堪得 (ē-kham-tit)
- 民不堪命
- 無堪/无堪
- 狼狽不堪/狼狈不堪
- 痛不堪忍
- 百無一堪/百无一堪
- 石堪子
- 破敗不堪/破败不堪
- 破爛不堪/破烂不堪 (pòlànbùkān)
- 破舊不堪/破旧不堪
- 秀色堪餐
- 自堪
- 苦不堪言 (kǔbùkānyán)
- 誰堪/谁堪
- 那堪
- 鄙俗不堪
- 門堪羅雀/门堪罗雀
- 門庭冷落,門堪羅雀/门庭冷落,门堪罗雀
- 難堪/难堪 (nánkān)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]堪
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: こん (kon)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kan’yō-on: たん (tan)
- Kun: たえる (taeru, 堪える, Jōyō); こらえる (koraeru, 堪える); こたえる (kotaeru, 堪える); たまる (tamaru, 堪る)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
堪 |
かん Grade: S |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 캄 (Yale: kham) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠m]
- Phonetic hangul: [감]
Hanja
[edit]堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
- 불감 (不堪, bulgam)
- 감당 (堪當, gamdang, “coping with; managing”)
- 감내 (堪耐, gamnae, “perseverance”)
- 감인 (堪忍, gamin, “patience, forbearance”)
- 난감 (難堪, nan'gam, “being intolerable; being unbearable; embarrassment”)
- 감능 (堪能, gamneung, “patience, perseverance”)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]堪: Hán Nôm readings: kham, khom, khăm
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading た・える
- Japanese kanji with kun reading こら・える
- Japanese kanji with kun reading こた・える
- Japanese kanji with kun reading たま・る
- Japanese terms spelled with 堪 read as かん
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