堪

堪 U+582A, 堪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-582A ← 堩 [U+5829] CJK Unified Ideographs 堫 → [U+582B]

Translingual

Etymology

Historical forms of the character 堪
Bamboo and silk script	Large seal script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
湛	*ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um
媅	*ʔl'uːm
黮	*l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ
糂	*sluːmʔ
堪	*kʰluːm
戡	*kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ
嵁	*kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm
歁	*kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb
勘	*kʰluːms
磡	*kʰuːms
墈	*kʰuːms
偡	*r'uːmʔ
碪	*ʔl'um
椹	*ʔl'um
揕	*ʔl'ums
踸	*l̥ʰumʔ
鍖	*l̥ʰumʔ
斟	*kljum
諶	*ɡljum
愖	*ɡljum
瘎	*ɡljum
煁	*ɡljum
甚	*ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums
葚	*ɦljumʔ

Han character

堪 (radical 32 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 4411₁, composition ⿰土甚)

1. adequately capable of, worthy of

References

• KangXi: page 233, character 27
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
• Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 460, character 1
• Unihan data for U+582A

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		堪

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kān (kan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ham¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khâm
• Min Nan (POJ): kham

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: kān
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
    • Wade-Giles: k'an¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰa̠n⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ham¹
    • Yale: hām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ham¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hem¹
    • IPA ^(key): /hɐm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khâm
    • Hakka Romanization System: kam´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kam¹
    • IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kham
    • Tâi-lô: kham
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qafm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰʌm/▼

Rime
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	口含切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌm/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəm/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəm/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀm/
Wang Li	/kʰɒm/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kān

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kān
Middle Chinese	‹ khom ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/
English	able to bear
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
No.	11271
Phonetic component	甚
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	龕
Old Chinese	/*kʰluːm/

Definitions

堪

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Japanese

Kanji

堪

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

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Readings

• Goon: こん (kon)
• Kan’on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kan’yōon: たん (tan)
• Kun: たえる (taeru, 堪える, Jōyō)

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Korean

Hanja

堪 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune-Reischauer kam)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

堪 (kham, khom, khăm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.