開

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See also: 开
開 U+958B, 開
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-958B
← 閊
[U+958A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 閌 →
[U+958C]
開 U+2F9EE, 開
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EE
← 𨯺
[U+2F9ED] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 䦕 →
[U+2F9EF]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

開 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓一廿 (ANMT), four-corner 77441, composition ⿵門开(U+958B) or ⿵門幵(U+2F9EE))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1331, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41233
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1835, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4286, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+958B

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 開
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.

Compare 闢.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 開
simp. 开*
alternative forms 𫔭 obsolete Singapore simp.
𨵑

According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).

The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kŭi - vernacular;
  • kăi - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khui - vernacular;
    • khai - literary.
    Note:
    • kui1 - vernacular;
    • kai1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 開
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦哀切
    Baxter khoj
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰʌi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰəi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰɒi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəj/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰᴀi/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰɒi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰɑ̆i/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kāi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hoi1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 開 開
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kāi kāi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khoj › ‹ khoj ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Nə-[k]ʰˁəj/ /*[k]ʰˁəj/
    English to open (v.i.) to open (v.t.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 開
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7348
    Phonetic
    component         		開
    Rime
    group         		微
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		開
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰɯːl/

    Definitions[edit]

    開

    1. to open; to unlatch; to unfasten
      我開不到這扇門。／我开不到这扇门。  ―  Wǒ kāi budào zhè shàn mén.  ―  I can't open the door.
      商店開到八點。／商店开到八点。  ―  Shāngdiàn kāi dào bā diǎn.  ―  The shop opens till eight o'clock.
    2. to start; to turn on; to switch on
      開電燈／开电灯  ―  kāi diàndēng  ―  to switch the light on
      開電腦／开电脑  ―  kāi diànnǎo  ―  to turn on the computer
    3. to make an opening; to open up
      開荒／开荒  ―  kāihuāng  ―  to open up wasteland
      開運河／开运河  ―  kāi yùnhé  ―  to dig a canal
      在牆上開個洞／在墙上开个洞  ―  zài qiáng shàng kāi ge dòng  ―  to make a hole in the wall
    4. (of a flower) to open out
      花開了。／花开了。  ―  Huā kāi le.  ―  The flower is blooming.
    5. (of a frozen river) to thaw
    6. to begin; to start
      開工／开工  ―  kāigōng  ―  to start working
    7. to start; to set up; to open
      開間燒臘舖／开间烧腊铺 [Cantonese]  ―  hoi1 gaan1 siu1 laap6 pou3-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to open a roasted meats shop
      我開了個銀行帳戶。 [MSC, trad.]
      我开了个银行帐户。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ kāi le ge yínxíng zhànghù. [Pinyin]
      I opened a bank account.
    8. to remove (a ban or restriction)
      開禁／开禁  ―  kāijìn  ―  to lift a ban
      開齋／开斋  ―  kāizhāi  ―  to resume a meat diet
    9. to boil (bubble and turn to vapour)
      水開了沒有？／水开了没有？  ―  Shuǐ kāi le méiyǒu?  ―  Has the water boiled?
    10. to write out (a prescription, check, invoice, etc.)
      開支票／开支票  ―  kāi zhīpiào  ―  to write a check
      我們開了一張學生必讀書單。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们开了一张学生必读书单。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen kāi le yī zhāng xuéshēng bìdú shūdān. [Pinyin]
      We made a list of required books for students.
    11. to book (a hotel room)
    12. to operate/run a business
    13. to hold (a meeting, exhibition, etc.)
      開會／开会  ―  kāihuì  ―  to hold a meeting
    14. to pay
      開工資／开工资  ―  kāi gōngzī  ―  to pay wages
    15. to operate; to drive (a vehicle)
      開車／开车  ―  kāichē  ―  to drive a car
      開炮／开炮  ―  kāipào  ―  to fire a cannon
      船長把船開到對岸去。 [MSC, trad.]
      船长把船开到对岸去。 [MSC, simp.]
      Chuánzhǎng bǎ chuán kāi dào duì'àn qù. [Pinyin]
      The captain sailed the boat to the opposite bank.
      火車已經開了。／火车已经开了。  ―  Huǒchē yǐjīng kāi le.  ―  The train has already departed.
    16. apart; away
      散開／散开  ―  sànkāi  ―  to separate and strew; to scatter; to disperse
      走開／走开  ―  zǒukāi  ―  to move out of the way
      坐開／坐开 [Cantonese]  ―  co5 hoi1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sit farther away
      唔好遊咁開／唔好游咁开 [Cantonese]  ―  m4 hou2 jau4 gam3 hoi1 [Jyutping]  ―  don't swim so far away
    17. (informal) Short for 開除／开除 (kāichú, “to fire; to sack; to discharge; to dismiss”).
    18. (informal) to eat up
    19. (Cantonese) Habitual aspect particle.
      你有冇食開啲乜嘢藥㗎？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      你有冇食开啲乜嘢药㗎？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 jau5 mou5 sik6 hoi1 di1 mat1 je5 joek6 gaa3? [Jyutping]
      Are you taking any medication?
      去開買餸，幫我買樽豉油吖。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      去开买𩠌，帮我买樽豉油吖。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      heoi3 hoi1 maai5 sung3, bong1 ngo5 maai5 zeon1 si6 jau4 aa1. [Jyutping]
      When you go and do your groceries, buy a bottle of soy sauce for me.
    20. (physics) Short for 開爾文／开尔文 (kāi'ěrwén, “kelvin”).
    21. (Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).
    22. (Hokkien) to spend (money)
    23. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    Antonyms[edit]
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms from 開
    Descendants[edit]
    Sino-Xenic (開):
    • → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
    • → Vietnamese: khai (開)

    Others:

    • → Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)
    • → Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)
    • → Zhuang: hai (“open”)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    trad. 開
    simp. 开*
    alternative forms 𫔭 obsolete Singapore simp.
    K

    Borrowed from English K (“karat”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    開

    1. karat (measure of gold purity)

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    trad. 開
    simp. 开*
    alternative forms 嗨

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

    Definitions[edit]

    開

    1. (dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Hakka) Perfective aspect particle.
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 了 (“(perfective particle)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 矣1
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 了
    Mandarin Beijing 了
    Taiwan 了
    Harbin 了
    Yantai (Muping) 了
    Jinan 了
    Luoyang 了
    Wanrong 嘮
    Xi'an 咧
    Yinchuan 了
    Ürümqi 咧
    Wuhan 了
    Chengdu 了
    Guiyang 了
    Guilin 了
    Liuzhou 了
    Xuzhou 了
    Yangzhou 了
    Nanjing 了
    Malaysia 了
    Singapore 了
    Cantonese Guangzhou 咗, 嘵 obsolete
    Hong Kong 咗
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 咗
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 咗
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 耗
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 好
    Macau 咗, 敲
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 咗
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 咗
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 咗
    Foshan 咗
    Foshan (Sanshui) 咗
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 咗
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 哺
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 咗
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 誒, 咗
    Taishan 誒
    Kaiping (Chikan) 誒
    Enping (Niujiang) 誒
    Dongguan 敲
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 好
    Shenzhen (Dapeng) 後, 咗
    Qingyuan 咗
    Fogang 咗
    Yingde (Hanguang) 咗
    Shaoguan 咗
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 咗
    Renhua 咗
    Lechang 咗
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 咗
    Xinxing 標
    Luoding 咗
    Yangjiang 都
    Nanning 嗮
    Nanning (Tanka) 嗮
    Wuzhou 啊
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 了
    Guiping 畢
    Guiping (Mule) 開, 了
    Pingnan 開
    Guigang (Gangcheng) 開
    Guigang (Pingdong) 開, 了
    Beihai 了
    Beihai (Nankang) 了
    Beihai (Yingpan) 了
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 了, 咗
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 咗
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 了, 咗
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咗
    Singapore (Guangfu) 咗
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 咗
    Móng Cái 了, 咗
    Gan Nanchang 了
    Lichuan 了
    Hakka Meixian 了
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 拋, 阿
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 開
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 開
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 開
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 哩
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 哩
    Wuhua (Changbu) 哩
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 哩
    Yudu 了
    Hong Kong 開
    Senai (Huiyang) 開
    Kuching (Hepo) 了
    Huizhou Jixi 了
    Jin Taiyuan 咾
    Xinzhou 咾
    Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 了
    Min Bei Jian'ou 了
    Min Dong Fuzhou 了, 𡅏
    Min Nan Penang (Hokkien) 了
    Singapore (Hokkien) 了
    Manila (Hokkien) 了, 咯
    Chaozhou 了
    Shantou 了
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 了
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 了
    Wu Shanghai 仔, 了
    Shanghai (Chongming) 仔
    Suzhou 仔
    Hangzhou 得, 了
    Ningbo 仔
    Wenzhou 爻
    Jinhua 了

    Japanese[edit]

    Ryakuji for 開, based on ryakuji for 門; compare also 間 and 𫔭.

    Kanji[edit]

    開

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. open

    Readings[edit]

    Antonyms[edit]

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    開
    かい
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 開 (MC kʰʌi).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    開(かい) • (kai) 

    1. open
    2. start; beginning

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 開 (MC kʰʌi). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡ (koy) (Yale: koy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    開 (eumhun 열 개 (yeol gae))

    1. Hanja form? of 개 (“open”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    開: Hán Việt readings: khai[1][2][3][4]
    開: Nôm readings: khơi[5], khui[5]

    1. (literary) chữ Hán form of khai (“to open, to start, to begin”).
    2. Nôm form of khui (“to open, to pry open”).

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Trần (1999).
    2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Bonet (1899).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hồ (1976).
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