後
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
後 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹人女戈水 (HOVIE), four-corner 22247, composition ⿰彳⿱幺夊)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 366, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10098
- Dae Jaweon: page 688, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 822, character 3
- Unihan data for U+5F8C
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 後 | |
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simp. | 后* |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 後 | ||||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意): 彳 (“to walk slowly”) + 幺 (“tiny”) + 夊 (“slowly”).
Note that the simplified form 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs) is also a traditional character on its own, with a different meaning.
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwak (“below”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan འོག ('og, “below”), Burmese အောက် (auk, “under; below”) (from Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔok (“lower side; below”)).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
後
- behind; rear; back
- later; after; afterwards
- last
- descendants; offsprings
- post-
- (literary) anus
- a surname
Compounds[edit]
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Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- “後”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #4914”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
- Douglas, Carstairs (1899), “後”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, London: Presbyterian Church of England, page 140
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: ぐ (gu)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
- Kun: あと (ato, 後, Jōyō); うしろ (ushiro, 後ろ, Jōyō); おくれ (okure, 後); おくれ (okure, 後れ); おくれる (okureru, 後れる, Jōyō); しり (shiri, 後); しりえ (shirie, 後え); のち (nochi, 後, Jōyō); ゆり (yuri, 後)
- Nanori: こし (koshi); し (shi); しい (shī)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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後 |
あと Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Originally an extension of 跡 (ato, “footprint; leftover”), itself a compound of 足 (a, “foot”) + 所 (to, “place”).[1][2][3]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (spatially) the back, the rear, behind
- (temporally) later time, afterwards, some time after the present
- (in order) the next person or thing
- Antonym: 先 (saki)
- 名簿の後の方 ― meibo no ato no kata ― the next one on the roster
- instead, in place of
- お後は何にしますか。
- O-ato wa nani ni shimasu ka.
- What are you going to do instead?
- お後は何にしますか。
- successor
- descendants, offspring
- wife of remarriage
- Synonym: 後妻
- the rest; certain part, space or thing left
- あとは頼んだぞ。
- Ato wa tanonda zo.
- I leave the rest to you.
- あとは頼んだぞ。
Adverb[edit]
- later, after, from now on
- 後三分で終了します。
- Ato san-pun de shūryō shimasu.
- It will end in three minutes.
- (literally, “It will end three minutes later.”)
- 後三分で終了します。
Conjunction[edit]
- afterwards, then
- Synonym: それから
- 後、気付いたことはありませんか。
- Ato, kizuita koto wa arimasen ka.
- Have you ever noticed after that?
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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後 |
うしろ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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後ろ (common) |
From Old Japanese. First cited to a portion of the Shoku Nihongi dated to 781, with the phonetic spelling 宇志呂 (usiro2).[5]
Ultimate derivation unknown. Might be from stem ushi ("lost; gone, out of sight", as in 失う (ushinau, “to lose”), older verb 失す (usu, “to lose; to go away”)) + locative suffix -ro2 indicating an interior (as in 所 (tokoro, “place”), 空ろ・虚ろ (utsuro, “emptiness, a hollow”), 洞・空・虚 (uro, “a hollow space in something”), 室 (muro, “room; cave”), possibly 心 (kokoro, “heart”)).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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後 |
おくれ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 遅れる (okureru, “to be late; to be delayed; to come after something else”). Examples appear from at least the 1300s.[1]
More commonly spelled with the okurigana.
Definitions[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 後, is an alternative (rare) spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
後 |
しり Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Uncommon alternative spelling.
Definitions[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 後, is an alternative (less common) spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
後 |
しりえ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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後方 |
From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki of 720, and phonetically as 志利弊 (siripe1) in the Man'yōshū of 759.[7]
Compound of 尻 (shiri, “butt, tail, rear”) + 方 (e, “side, facing, way, direction”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the rear, back, or backside of something
- the rearward or backward direction
- the portion of a palace where a queen or other female imperial consort lives
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
後 |
のち Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese [Term?]. Ultimate derivation unknown.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 7[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
後 |
ゆり Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese [Term?]. Ultimate derivation unknown. May be cognate with より (yori, “from; after”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 8[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
後 |
ご Grade: 2 |
tōon |
Alternative spelling |
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后 |
From Middle Chinese 後/后 (ɦəuX, ɦəuH, “after”). Classified as the tōon or "Tang sound", so likely borrowed from the dialects spoken during the Tang dynasty.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- later, afterwards, some time after the present
- 彼は卒業後に結婚します。
- Kare wa sotsugyōgo ni kekkonshimasu.
- He is going to get married after the graduation.
- 彼は卒業後は大阪の会社に勤めます。
- Kare wa sotsugyōgo wa Ōsaka no kaisha ni tsutomemasu.
- He is going to work for a company in Osaka after the graduation.
- 卒業後、彼は小学校の先生になった。
- Sotsugyōgo, kare wa shōgakkō no sensei ni natta.
- After the graduation, he became a teacher at an elementary school.
- 彼は卒業後に結婚します。
Suffix[edit]
Etymology 9[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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後 |
こう Grade: 2 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 後 (MC ɦəuX). Classified as the kan'on, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin reading hòu.
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
Only used in compounds. Never used in isolation.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “後”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ “後方・後”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 後 (MC ɦəuX).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅮᇢ〯 (Yale: hhwǔw) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] | 뒤〯 (Yale: twǔy) | 후〯 (Yale: hwǔ) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷu(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [후(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 낙후 (落後, nakhu)
- 노후 (老後, nohu)
- 배후 (背後, baehu)
- 사후 (事後, sahu)
- 사후 (死後, sahu)
- 선후 (先後, seonhu)
- 오후 (午後, ohu)
- 이후 (以後, ihu)
- 전후 (前後, jeonhu)
- 직후 (直後, jikhu)
- 차후 (此後, chahu)
- 최후 (最後, choehu)
- 추후 (追後, chuhu)
- 향후 (向後, hyanghu)
- 후계 (後繼, hugye)
- 후기 (後期, hugi)
- 후대 (後代, hudae)
- 후면 (後面, humyeon)
- 후문 (後門, humun)
- 후반 (後半, huban)
- 후방 (後方, hubang)
- 후배 (後排, hubae)
- 후세 (後世, huse)
- 후속 (後續, husok)
- 후손 (後孫, huson)
- 후예 (後裔, huye)
- 후원 (後援, huwon)
- 후자 (後者, huja)
- 후진 (後進, hujin)
- 후천 (後天, hucheon)
- 후퇴 (後退, hutoe)
- 후회 (後悔, huhoe)
- 후유증 (後遺症, huyujeung)
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [5]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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