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侯

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 候 and 矦
侯 U+4FAF, 侯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF
← 侮
[U+4FAE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侰 →
[U+4FB0]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

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侯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰亻⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰亻⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
  • Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FAF

Chinese

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trad. 侯
simp. # 侯
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms 矦 ancient form
𥎦 ancient form
𬾗 historical variant
𬾃 historical variant
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 侯
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j13283
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j13360
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j13364
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Transcribed ancient scripts
L33678
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L12102
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
緱 *koː, *koː
侯 *ɡoː
喉 *ɡoː
猴 *ɡoː
瘊 *ɡoː
篌 *ɡoː
糇 *ɡoː
帿 *ɡoː
睺 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦 *ɡoː
餱 *ɡoː
翭 *ɡoː
葔 *ɡoː
鄇 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸 *ɡoː
候 *ɡoːs
堠 *ɡoːs

Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

Etymology

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"target" > "prince, marquis"
侯 (OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017)[1], Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to 鍭 (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”).
When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
"to be; to have"
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (“to have, to be”) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (“to get, to possess”); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (“to have”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • hieo2 - literary, all senses (incl. surname);
  • ao2 - ancient vernacular.
Note:
  • hô͘/hiô - literary (incl. surname in Xiamen and Zhangzhou);
  • kâu - vernacular (incl. surname, dated in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • hâu - vernacular (incl. surname in Quanzhou and Taiwan).
Note:
  • hou5 - all senses (incl. surname);
  • gao5 - surname.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 侯
Mandarin Beijing /xou³⁵/
Harbin /xou²⁴/
Tianjin /xou⁴⁵/
Jinan /xou⁴²/
Qingdao /xou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xou⁴²/
Xi'an /xou²⁴/
Xining /xɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /xəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /xou⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /xəu²¹³/
Chengdu /xəu³¹/
Guiyang /xəu²¹/
Kunming /xəu³¹/
Nanjing /xəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /xɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəu¹¹/
Pingyao /xəu¹³/
Hohhot /xəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦɤ²³/
Suzhou /ɦɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦei²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦau³¹/
Hui Shexian /xiu⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /xəu¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /hɛu²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /heu¹¹/
Taoyuan /heu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐu²¹/
Nanning /hɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /hɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
/kau³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /e²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hou⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔu³¹/
Rime
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 侯 (137)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸鉤切
Baxter huw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦəu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəw/
Li
Rong 		/ɣu/
Wang
Li 		/ɣəu/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hóu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o/
English feudal lord

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
No. 5139
Phonetic
component 		侯
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoː/
Notes 矦隸變

Definitions

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侯

  1. marquis; lord
  2. (obsolete) target
  3. (obsolete) to be, to have
  4. a surname
    侯孝賢／侯孝贤  ―  Hóu Xiàoxián  ―  Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (侯):
  • → Japanese: 侯(こう) (kō, “marquess”)
  • → Korean: 후(侯) (hu, “marquess”)
  • → Vietnamese: hầu (侯, “marquess”)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • hô͘ - literary (common);
  • hō͘ - literary (rare);
  • hāu - vernacular (rare).

Definitions

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侯

  1. only used in 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu)

Japanese

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Kanji

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侯

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. marquis
  2. lord
  3. daimyo

Readings

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  • Go-on: ぐ (gu)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まと (mato, 侯)、きみ (kimi, 侯)

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 侯 (MC huw).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

侯 (eumhun 제후 후 (jehu hu))

  1. hanja form? of 후 (“marquis; lord”)
  2. hanja form? of 후 (“target in archery”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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侯: Hán Việt readings: hầu[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], hậu[6]
侯: Nôm readings: hầu[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

  1. chữ Hán form of hầu (“(historical) marquis”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of hầu
    1. nearly; almost
    2. (obsolete) future tense marker; later
    3. to serve (to work for; to attend, supply the wants of)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bonet (1899).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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