等

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See also: 朩
等 U+7B49, 等
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B49
← 筈
[U+7B48] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 筊 →
[U+7B4A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character[edit]

等 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹土木戈 (HGDI), four-corner 88341, composition ⿱𥫗寺)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 882, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25992
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1311, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2962, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7B49

Chinese[edit]

trad. 等
simp. # 等
2nd round simp. ⿱艹寸

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
等 *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ
待 *dɯːʔ
寺 *ljɯs
持 *l'ɯ
峙 *dɯʔ
痔 *dɯʔ
跱 *dɯʔ
歭 *dɯʔ
洔 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ
畤 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲 *dɯʔ, *djɯs
庤 *dɯʔ
時 *djɯ
鰣 *djɯ
塒 *djɯ
蒔 *djɯ, *djɯs
榯 *djɯ
恃 *djɯʔ
侍 *djɯs
詩 *hljɯ
邿 *hljɯ
特 *dɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).

竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.

Etymology[edit]

“rank; class; kind; to equate; and the like; plural particle”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).
“to wait”
A medieval word, probably related to 待 (OC *dɯːʔ, “to wait”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • Southern Sixian:
    • tên/nên - plural particle;
    • tén/nén/nún/lún - progressive particle;
    • tén - other senses.
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • dēng - literary, used for "rank/grade";
    • dīng - vernacular, used for "to wait".
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • tán - vernacular ("to wait");
    • téng/tńg - literary (“rank/grade”, “and so on”).
    Note:
    • dang2 - vernacular;
    • dêng2 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 等
    Mandarin Beijing /təŋ²¹⁴/
    Harbin /təŋ²¹³/
    Tianjin /təŋ¹³/
    Jinan /təŋ⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /təŋ⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /təŋ⁵³/
    Xi'an /təŋ⁵³/
    Xining /tə̃⁵³/
    Yinchuan /təŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /tə̃n⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /tɤŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /tən⁴²/
    Chengdu /tən⁵³/
    Guiyang /ten⁴²/
    Kunming /tə̃⁵³/
    Nanjing /tən²¹²/
    Hefei /tən²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /təŋ⁵³/
    Pingyao /təŋ⁵³/
    Hohhot /tə̃ŋ⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /təŋ³⁵/
    Suzhou /tən⁵¹/
    Hangzhou /ten⁵³/
    Wenzhou /taŋ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /tʌ̃³⁵/
    Tunxi /tɛ³¹/
    Xiang Changsha /tən⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /tən⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /tɛn²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /ten³¹/
    Taoyuan /ten³¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɐŋ³⁵/
    Nanning /tɐŋ³⁵/
    Hong Kong /tɐŋ³⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tiŋ⁵³/
    /tan⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /tiŋ³²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /taiŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /teŋ⁵³/
    /taŋ⁵³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ʔdeŋ²¹³/
    /ʔdɔŋ²¹³/
    /ʔdaŋ²¹³/
    Rime
    Character 等 等
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 端 (5) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41) 登 (129)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 多改切 多肯切
    Baxter tojX tongX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tʌiX/ /təŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/təiX/ /təŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tɒiX/ /təŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/təjX/ /təŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/tᴀiX/ /təŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/tɒiX/ /təŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tɑ̆iX/ /təŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dǎi děng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		doi2 dang2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 等
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		děng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tongX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁəŋʔ/
    English step, grade

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 等 等
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 12028 12054
    Phonetic
    component         		寺 寺
    Rime
    group         		之 蒸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		等 等
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tɯːʔ/ /*tɯːŋʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    等

    1. † to arrange bamboo slips neatly
    2. rank; grade; class
    3. sort; kind; type
    4. (Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
      重紐三等／重纽三等  ―  chóngniǔ sānděng  ―  the third division member of a rime doublet
    5. to equate; to be equal
    6. and the like; and so on; etc.; et al.
      今天晚上有話劇、唱歌、跳舞等精彩表演。 [MSC, trad.]
      今天晚上有话剧、唱歌、跳舞等精彩表演。 [MSC, simp.]
      Jīntiān wǎnshàng yǒu huàjù, chànggē, tiàowǔ děng jīngcǎi biǎoyǎn. [Pinyin]
      Tonight there are wonderful performances like drama, singing, dancing, and more.
    7. Particle indicating the ending of enumeration.
      中國有北京、上海、天津、重慶等四個直轄市。 [MSC, trad.]
      中国有北京、上海、天津、重庆等四个直辖市。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhōngguó yǒu Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Tiānjīn, Chóngqìng děng sì ge zhíxiáshì. [Pinyin]
      China has four direct-administered municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing.
    8. (literary or Hakka) Plural particle used after personal pronouns or nouns.
      爾等／尔等 [Classical Chinese]  ―  ěrděng [Pinyin]  ―  you (plural)
      𠊎等 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  ngài-tén [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  we; us
    9. to wait
      你等多久了？  ―  Nǐ děng duōjiǔ le?  ―  How long have you been waiting?
    10. (Cantonese) to let; to allow; to cause
    11. (Hakka) Progressive particle, used after verbs to indicate the continuation of an action or a state.
    12. a surname

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (to wait):
    edit
    • (progressive particle):
    Dialectal synonyms of 著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 著
    Mandarin Beijing 著
    Taiwan 著
    Harbin 著
    Yantai (Muping) 著
    Jinan 著
    Wanrong 著
    Xi'an 著
    Wuhan 倒
    Guiyang 倒
    Guilin 倒
    Liuzhou 倒, 穩
    Xuzhou 著
    Nanjing 著
    Singapore 著
    Cantonese Guangzhou 緊
    Hong Kong 緊
    Singapore (Guangfu) 緊
    Gan Nanchang 倒
    Hakka Meixian 等
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 等
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 等
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 等
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 緊
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 等
    Kuching (Hepo) 緊
    Jin Taiyuan 著
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 緊
    Wu Shanghai 勒海, 勒該
    Ningbo 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼
    Zhoushan 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 等

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (等):
    • → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
    • → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
    • → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

    → Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    等

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. equal
    2. et cetera
    3. a pluralizer

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    等
    とう
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 等 (tongX, “step, grade”), extended to mean ... kind of thing.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Adverb[edit]

    等(とう) • (tō) 

    1. et cetera

    Suffix[edit]

    等(とう) • (-tō) 

    1. rank, class, order
    2. et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
    Usage notes[edit]

    For the et cetera sense, the tō reading is somewhat more formal than the nado reading.

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    等
    など
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    From earlier なんど (nando, “etc., and so forth, and such like”), from earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).[2][1][3]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Adverb[edit]

    等(など) • (nado) 

    1. et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
      魚(さかな)や肉(にく)等(など)
      sakana ya niku nado
      things like fish or meat, fish and meat et cetera / and other such things
    Usage notes[edit]

    For the et cetera sense, the tō reading is somewhat more formal than the nado reading.

    Often spelled in hiragana, as など.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    等
    なんど
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    From earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).[2][1][3]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Adverb[edit]

    等(なんど) • (nando) 

    1. (archaic, chiefly obsolete) et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
    Usage notes[edit]

    Largely superseded by the nado reading above.

    May be spelled in hiragana, as なんど.

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    等
    ら
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    等(ら) • (-ra) 

    1. pluralizer
      我(われ)、我(われ)等(ら)、これ、これ等(ら)
      ware, warera, kore, korera
      I, we, this, these
    2. qualifier, softener: around abouts
      今日(きょう)等(ら)、そこ等(ら)辺(へん)
      kyōra, sokora hen
      roughly today, that area around there
    Usage notes[edit]

    Often spelled in hiragana, as ら.

    Synonyms[edit]
    • 達 (たち, ​tachi)
    • 供 (ども, ​domo)

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    等 (eumhun 무리 등 (muri deung))

    1. Hanja form? of 등 (“rank, class, order”).
    2. Hanja form? of 등 (“et cetera”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    等: Hán Nôm readings: đẳng, đấng, đứng

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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