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See also: 𝌆, Φ, Ф, and
U+4E2D, 中
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D

[U+4E2C]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E2E]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 2, +3, 4 strokes, cangjie input (L), four-corner 50006, composition )

Derived characters

[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 79, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 73
  • Dae Jaweon: page 158, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 28, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4E2D

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𠁦
𠁧
𠁩
𠔈
𠔗
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • (Cantonese)
  • (Gan)

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script


References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) – a flagpole. Based on archaeological evidence, the middle box has been interpreted as a drum (建鼓). This flagpole with a drum was placed in the center of a field to gather people and to detect the direction of the wind. In addition, the pronunciation of (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) is reminiscent of the beating of a drum.

Shuowen interprets the character as a vertical stroke passing through the center of , indicating the center.

It has also been interpreted as an arrow in the center of a target.

Etymology

[edit]

“Middle; centre” (Pronunciation 1) > “to hit the centre; to attain” (Pronunciation 2).

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t/duŋ. Cognate with Tibetan གཞུང (gzhung, middle, center).

Related to:

  • (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle; inner garment; inner feelings”);
  • (OC *duŋs, “second (of the brothers or months)”).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]

Note:
  • chûng, zung1 - literary;
  • tûng, dung4 - vernacular.
Note:
  • dé̤ng - literary;
  • dô̤ng - vernacular.
Note:
  • dṳ̆ng - literary;
  • dŏng - vernacular.
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • tiong - literary;
    • tng - vernacular (limited, e.g. 中秋);
    • teng - vernacular (in place names, e.g. 田中, 湖中);
    • thang - vernacular (limited).
Note:
  • dang1 - vernacular;
  • dong1/diong1 - literary (diong1 - Chaoyang).

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡suŋ²¹/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʈ͡ʂəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /p͡fəŋ²¹/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /p͡fə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂoŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂoŋ³¹/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡suəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡suŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡soŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡soŋ³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡san¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /ʈ͡ʂən³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡suŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /tuŋ⁴⁴/ ~心
/t͡suŋ⁴⁴/ ~間
Taoyuan /tuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡soŋ⁵³/
Nanning /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiɔŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tœyŋ⁵⁴/
/tœyŋ³³/ ~奬
Shantou (Teochew) /toŋ³³/
/taŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /toŋ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (9)
Final () (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter trjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʈɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȶiuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈuwŋ/
Li
Rong
/ȶiuŋ/
Wang
Li
/ȶĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȶi̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zhōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zung1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
zhōng
Middle
Chinese
‹ trjuwng ›
Old
Chinese
/*truŋ/
English center

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 17407
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*tuŋ/

Definitions

[edit]

  1. middle; center
      ―  zhōng  ―  to be placed in the middle
      ―  Huázhōng  ―  Central China
  2. medium; intermediary
      ―  zhōngxíng  ―  medium-size; mid-size
    夾克尺碼 [MSC, trad.]
    夹克尺码 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jiàn jiākè yǒu sān ge chǐmǎ: xiǎo, zhōng, dà. [Pinyin]
    You can get the jacket in three sizes - small, medium and large.
  3. within; among; in
      ―  shuǐ zhōng  ―  in the water
    我們一個15女孩 [MSC, trad.]
    我们一个15女孩 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen zhōngjiān yǒu yīge 15 suì de nǚhái. [Pinyin]
    A 15-year-old girl was among us.
    事故受傷 [MSC, trad.]
    事故受伤 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zài shìgù zhōng shòushāng. [Pinyin]
    He was injured in the accident.
  4. while; in the process of; during; in the middle of
    發展國家发展国家  ―  fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā  ―  developing countries
    網頁正在建設 [MSC, trad.]
    网页正在建设 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǎngyè zhèngzài jiànshè zhōng. [Pinyin]
    The website is under construction.
  5. to be fit for
      ―  zhōngyòng  ―  to be useful
      ―  zhōngtīng  ―  pleasant to the ear
  6. heart; innermost being
  7. intermediary
  8. (dialectal) all right; OK
  9. (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    二十 [Cantonese]  ―  ng5 sei3 zung1 ji6 sap6 [Jyutping]  ―  five time four equals twenty
  10. Short for 中國中国 (Zhōngguó, “China; Chinese”).
      ―  zhōng  ―  traditional Chinese medicine
    關係关系  ―  Zhōng Měi guānxì  ―  China–United States relation
  11. Short for 中學中学 (zhōngxué, “middle school”). Used only in the abbreviation of the name.
      ―  Sān Zhōng  ―  No.3 Middle School
  12. 1st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "the center" (𝌆)
  13. a surname

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (China):
edit

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

Note:
  • tiòng - literary;
  • tèng - vernacular;
  • thàng - vernacular (limited).
Note:
  • dong3 - literary;
  • dêng3 - vernacular.

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (9)
Final () (2)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter trjuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʈɨuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʈiuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȶiuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʈuwŋH/
Li
Rong
/ȶiuŋH/
Wang
Li
/ȶĭuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȶi̯uŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zhòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zung3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
zhòng
Middle
Chinese
‹ trjuwngH ›
Old
Chinese
/*truŋ-s/
English hit the center

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 17410
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*tuŋs/

Definitions

[edit]

  1. to hit the mark; to be correct; to be successful
    導彈成功目標 [MSC, trad.]
    导弹成功目标 [MSC, simp.]
    Dǎodàn chénggōng jī zhòng mùbiāo. [Pinyin]
    The missile successfully hit the target.
    [MSC, trad.]
    [MSC, simp.]
    Zhēn ràng tā shuō zhòng le. [Pinyin]
    He turns out to be correct.
  2. to be hit by; to suffer; to be affected by
      ―  zhòngshǔ  ―  to suffer a heat stroke
    試圖肩膀 [MSC, trad.]
    试图肩膀 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā shìtú pá zǒu shí jiānbǎng zhòngqiāng le. [Pinyin]
    As he tried to crawl away, he was hit in the shoulder.
    肺炎  ―  zhòng le fèiyán.  ―  He has contracted pneumonia.
  3. to win (a prize, a lottery)
    樂透乐透  ―  zhòng lètòu  ―  win a lottery
    六合彩 [Cantonese]  ―  zung3 zo2 luk6 hap6 coi2 [Jyutping]  ―  won the lottery
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (Singapore Hokkien) (tio̍h)

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic ():

Others:

  • Vietnamese: đúng (correct)
  • Japanese: (チュン) (chun, red dragon (mahjong tile))

Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

[edit]

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
ちゅう
Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC trjuwng).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

(ちゅう) (chū

  1. the middle, medium
    (だい)(ちゅう)(しょう)dai chū shōlarge, medium and small
  2. an average, neither good nor poor mark
    (ちゅう)()()()chū no dekibaean average performance
  3. the second volume of a three-volume set
Derived terms
[edit]

Affix

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(ちゅう) (chū

  1. center, middle
  2. medium, intermediate, middle(-level)
  3. neutral, middle
  4. within (a specific range)
  5. among (friends, company, etc.)
  6. hitting (the center, mark, etc.)
  7. Short for 中国 (Chūgoku): China, Chinese
    (にっ)(ちゅう)(かん)(けい)Ni'chū kankeiSino-Japanese relations
  8. Short for 中学生 (chūgakusei): junior high school student
Derived terms
[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

(ちゅう) (-chū

  1. during..., being in the process of doing...
    ダウンロード(ちゅう)daunrōdo-chūdownloading; download in progress
    メンテ(ちゅう)mente-chūcurrently in maintenance
    インストール(ちゅう)insutōru-chūinstalling
    準備(じゅんび)(ちゅう)junbichūcurrently in preparation
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
じゅう
Grade: 1
on'yomi

The rendaku (連濁) form of chū above.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

(じゅう) (-jūぢゆう (-dyuu)?

  1. during, in the course of, throughout
    ()(かい)(じゅう)sekaithroughout the world
    (からだ)(じゅう)karadathroughout the body
  2. all over, everywhere
Usage notes
[edit]

The distinction between the suffixes じゅう (-jū) and ちゅう (-chū) can be confusing: じゅう (-jū) means throughout, in all places, as in 一日中 (ichinichijū, all day long) or 体中 (karadajū, throughout the body), while ちゅう (-chū) means within, but not everywhere, as in 授業中 (jugyōchū, in class, during class). Contrast in “I worked on this all day long” with “I worked on this in class (but not necessarily for the entire time)”.

Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
なか
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
なか
[noun] : inside
[noun] : middle
[noun] : among (a group or mass)
[noun] : during (time); amidst
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
うち
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
うち2
[noun] the inside, within (a physical location)
[noun] something between, among
[noun] something while, during, inside or within a span of time
[noun] (when used possessively) one’s own, my, our
[noun] This term needs a translation to English.
[pronoun] (informal, women's speech) I, me
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

[edit]
Kanji in this term
ちゅん
Grade: 1
irregular

Borrowing from Mandarin (zhōng).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

(チュン) (chun

  1. (mahjong) Short for 紅中 (honchun): a red dragon tile
  2. (mahjong) a (yaku, winning hand combination) with a meld of red dragon tiles, worth 1 (han, double)
    Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yakupai)

See also

[edit]

Etymology 6

[edit]

Various nanori readings.

Proper noun

[edit]

(あたり) (Atari

  1. a surname

(あたる) (Ataru

  1. a female given name

(なかば) (Nakaba

  1. a surname

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese (MC trjuwng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 듀ᇰ (Yale: tyùng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ (Yale: kàwóntòy-s) 듀ᇰ (Yale: tyùng)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 가운데 (gaunde jung))

  1. Hanja form? of (average (grade or class)).
  2. Hanja form? of (middle; medium).
  3. Hanja form? of (amongst).
  4. Hanja form? of (in the course of; during).
  5. Hanja form? of (China (in compounds or in news media)).

Compounds

[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]
Hanja in this term

(Jung) (hangeul )

  1. (in news headlines) Short for ()() (Jungguk, China).
    · 관계Han·Jung gwangyeSouth Korea – China relations

Usage notes

[edit]

In news headlines, this is usually written solely in the hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any hanja.

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Old Korean

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]
  • (*-huy) (probably represents lenition of initial *k)

Particle

[edit]

(*-kuy, *-huy)

  1. in; at; amid (locative case marker, attested in isolation only before the eleventh century)

Reconstruction notes

[edit]
  • Conventionally reconstructed as *-kuy because Idu manuals in Han'gul read this character as (-huy), which is believed to reflect an ancient reading tradition. Middle Korean intervocalic /h/ is usually lenited from Old Korean */k/ based on internal and dialectal reconstruction. The non-lenited form also survives directly in pronouns: 이ᅌᅥ긔〮 (ìngèkúy, here), 뎌ᇰ어긔〮 (tyèngèkúy, there), etc.
  • Assumed to be a logogram borrowed from Chinese, as no Chinese reading or native Korean equivalent of whose phonology is even remotely similar to *kuy is known. The Chinese word often bears a locative meaning as well, and there is a certain parallel in the Vietnamese Nôm use of the same character to write the native preposition trong (in; inside).
  • First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle (*-a). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 中 *-kuy in isolation is rarely encountered (although a likely Middle Korean reflex is attested in Hangul form as late as the fifteenth century). The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
  • At some point, perhaps even before widespread compounding, */k/ was lenited to */h/. Lenition may have begun as early as the eighth century, given the attestation of the form in the poem 讚耆婆郞歌 Changiparang-ga, whose claimed date of composition is 740.
  • Nam Pung-hyun suggests that (*-uy), another apparent locative particle attested in the Old Korean corpus, should be connected to (*-kuy.) He classifies both as "uy-type locatives", in contrast to (*-a) as an "a-type locative", and speculates that the uy-type locatives were reserved for animate beings while could be used indiscriminately.

Descendants

[edit]
  • Old Korean: 良中 (*-akuy) (compounded with (*-a))
    • Middle Korean: 에〮 (-éy)
      • Korean: (-e)
  • Middle Korean: (-huy) (rare)

See also

[edit]
  • (*-a) (locative case marker)
  • (*-uy) (locative case marker)
  • 良中 (*-akuy) (locative case marker predominant after the eleventh century)

References

[edit]
  • 배대은 [baedaeeun] (1996) “이두 처격조사의 통시적 고찰 [idu cheogyeokjosaui tongsijeok gochal, A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
  • 이승재 [iseungjae] (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [chajapyogi jaryoui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
  • Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
  • Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

: Hán Việt readings: trung ((trắc)(cung)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], trúng[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: trúng[1][2][3][4][6], trong[1][2][3][7], trung[1][2][4][6], truồng[3][4][5][6], đúng[3], truông[7]

  1. Chữ Hán form of trung (middle).
  2. Chữ Hán form of Trung (Sino-).
  3. Chữ Hán form of trúng (to hit).
  4. Nôm form of trong (in; inside; within).

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]