中華民國

See also: 中华民国 and 中華民国

Chinese

			republic; Republic of China
trad. (中華民國)		中華	民國
simp. (中华民国)		中华	民国

Etymology

Blend of 中華 / 中华 (Zhōnghuá, “China; Chinese”) +‎ 民 (mín, “people; citizens”) +‎ 國 / 国 (guó, “Country”) coined by Chinese politician, physician, and revolutionary Sun Yat-sen. He founded Republic of China.

諸君知中華民國之意義乎？何以不曰中華共和國，而必曰中華民國？此民字之意義，為僕研究十餘年而得之者。歐美之共和國創建遠在吾國之前，二十世紀之國民，當含有創制之精神，不當自謂能效法於十八、九世紀成法而引以為自足。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

---

诸君知中华民国之意义乎？何以不曰中华共和国，而必曰中华民国？此民字之意义，为仆研究十余年而得之者。欧美之共和国创建远在吾国之前，二十世纪之国民，当含有创制之精神，不当自谓能效法于十八、九世纪成法而引以为自足。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 1916, 中華民國之意義 (The meaning of the Republic of China), 國父全集第三冊 (The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen, volume three), p163.

Zhūjūn zhī zhōnghuámínguó zhī yìyì hū? Héyǐ bù yuē zhōnghuá gònghéguó, ér bì yuē zhōnghuámínguó? Cǐ mín zì zhī yìyì, wèi pú yánjiū shí yú nián ér dézhī zhě. Ōuměi zhī gònghéguó chuàngjiàn yuǎn zài wú guó zhīqián, èrshí shìjì zhī guómín, dāng hányǒu chuàngzhì zhī jīngshén, bùdāng zì wèi néng xiàofǎ yú shíbā, jiǔ shìjì chéngfǎ ér yǐn yǐwèi zìzú. [Pinyin]

Do you know the meaning of Chunghwa Minkuo? Why don't we call it Chunghwa Konghekuo (中華共和國) but rather Chunghwa Minkuo (中華民國)? The meaning of the Chinese character "Min"(民) is the result of my decade-long research. Republics in Europe and the Americas were founded before this state. With our state founded in the 20th century, we shall have the spirit of innovation but not be satisfied with mimicking those founded in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): Zhōnghuá Mínguó

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): Zong¹ hua² Min² gue²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ waa⁴ man⁴ gwok³
• Gan (Wiktionary): zung¹ fa⁴ min⁴ guet⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Chûng-fà Mìn-koet

  (Hailu, HRS): zhung^ˋ fa min gued

• Jin (Wiktionary): zung¹ hua¹ ming¹ gueh⁶
• Eastern Min (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): doeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ / dyoeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok / Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ hua⁵ ming⁵ gog⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹tson-gho ⁶min-koq
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhong¹ fa² min² gue⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jhonghuá Mínguó
    • Wade–Giles: Chung¹-hua² Min²-kuo²
    • Yale: Jūng-hwá Mín-gwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonghwa Mingwo
    • Palladius: Чжунхуа Миньго (Čžunxua Minʹgo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ min³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong¹ hua² Min² gue²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zungxua Mingue
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹ min²¹ kuɛ²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung¹ waa⁴ man⁴ gwok³
    • Yale: jūng wàh màhn gwok
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ waa⁴ man⁴ gwok⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ wa⁴ men⁴ guog³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: zung¹ fa⁴ min⁴ guet⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵ min³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-fà Mìn-koet
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung^ˊ fa^ˇ min^ˇ gued^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ fa² min² gued⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹ min¹¹ ku̯et̚²/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: zhung^ˋ fa min gued
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵ min⁵⁵ kuet⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: zung¹ hua¹ ming¹ gueh⁶
    • Sinological IPA (old-style, no sandhi): /t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋua⁵³ miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^(k-)ŋuɔʔ²⁴/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: doeng⁵ hua² ming⁴ gorh⁶]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: De̤ng-huá Míng-go̤h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: doeng⁵ ngua² ming⁴ ngorh⁶]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: De̤ng-huá Míng-go̤h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^(h-)ŋua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻⁴² ^(k-)ŋɒʔ²¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dyoeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ hua² ming⁴ gorh⁶]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dyoeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ ngua² ming⁴ ngorh⁶]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^(h-)ŋua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ^(k-)ŋɒʔ²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok
    • Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ Bîn-kok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa binkog
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok
    • Tâi-lô: Tiong-hua Bîn-kok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaf binkog
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dong¹ hua⁵ ming⁵ gog⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong huâ mîng kok
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹tson-gho ⁶min-koq
    • MiniDict: tson^平 gho min^去 koh
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹tson-hho ³min-koq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³  min²² koʔ⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: zhong¹ fa² min² gue⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

Proper noun

中華民國

1. Republic of China (a country in East Asia founded in mainland China in 1912, today commonly referred to as Taiwan, Chinese name: 中華民國／中华民国)

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
			Warring States period 戰國 / 战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 CE	Western Han 西漢 / 西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国	220 – 280 CE	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉
		Wu 吳 / 吴
Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 CE	Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋
		Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 CE	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 CE
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 CE
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国	907 – 960 CE
Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 CE
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 CE	Northern Song 北宋
		Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 CE
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 CE
Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽	1124 – 1218 CE
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 CE
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 CE
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 CE
Republic of China 中華民國 / 中华民国	1912 CE – present	Note: In Chinese contexts
People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国	1949 CE – present	Note: In Chinese contexts

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中華民國):

• → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)民(みん)国(こく) (Chūka Minkoku)
• → Korean: 중화민국(中華民國) (junghwamin'guk)
• → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa Dân Quốc (中華民國)

See also

• 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “China”)
• 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān, “Taiwan”)
• 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”)
• 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó, “People's Republic of China”)
• 臺灣共和國／台湾共和国 (Táiwān Gònghéguó, “Republic of Taiwan”)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
中	華	民	國
ちゅう Grade: 1	か Grade: S	みん Grade: 4	こく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 中華民國 – see the following entry.

【中華民国ちゅうかみんこく】 [proper noun] Republic of China (a country in East Asia founded in mainland China in 1912, today commonly referred to as Taiwan, Chinese name: 中華民國／中华民国)

(This term, 中華民國, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

See also

• 中華民國 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^ja

Korean

Hanja in this term
中	華	民	國

Proper noun

中華民國 • (junghwa minguk) (hangeul 중화민국)

1. hanja form^? of 중화민국 : Republic of China (a country in East Asia founded in mainland China in 1912, today commonly referred to as Taiwan, Chinese name: 中華民國／中华民国)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
中	華	民	國

Proper noun

中華民國

1. chữ Hán form of Trung Hoa Dân Quốc: Republic of China (a country in East Asia founded in mainland China in 1912, today commonly referred to as Taiwan, Chinese name: 中華民國／中华民国)