中華人民共和國

See also: 中華人民共和国

Chinese

			people's republic; specifically People's Republic of China
trad. (中華人民共和國)		中華	人民共和國
simp. (中华人民共和国)		中华	人民共和国

The People's Republic of China (claimed but unadministered territories in light green)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “A description of the origin of the term needed”)

Originally proposed in 1949 at the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference as 中华人民民主共和国 (“People's Democratic Republic of China”), later shortened to 中华人民共和国. Zhou Enlai explained that "人民民主" (people's democratic) had to be shortened because it was redundant.

The possessive aspect of the part 人民 (rénmín, “the people”) refers to the socialist doctrine of a people's democracy. It was also based on the previous government's name, 中華民國 / 中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó, “Republic of China”), to represent it as the Republic of China's successor.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): Zong¹ hua² Ren² min² Gong⁴ ho² gue²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуә (Žunhua Řɨnmin Gunhəguə, I-I-I-I-I-I-I) / Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй (Žunhua Řɨnmin Gunhəguy, I-I-I-I-I-I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ waa⁴ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³
• Gan (Wiktionary): zung¹ fa⁴ liin⁴ min⁴ kung⁵ fo⁴ guet⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet
• Jin (Wiktionary): zung¹ hua¹ zeng¹ ming¹ gung³ hue¹ gueh⁶
• Northern Min (KCR): Dô̤ng-uǎ Nêng-měng Gō̤ng-uǎ-gŏ
• Eastern Min (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ / dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok / Tiong-hôa Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok / Tiong-hôa Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô͘-kok

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ hua⁵ ring⁵ ming⁵ gang⁷ hua⁵ gog⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹tson-gho₆ ⁶zen-min₆ ⁶gon-wu₆-koq₇
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhong¹ fa² ren² min² gong⁵ ho² gue⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jhonghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
    • Wade–Giles: Chung¹-hua² Jên²-min² Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²
    • Yale: Jūng-hwá Rén-mín Gùng-hé-gwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonghwa Renmin Gonqhergwo
    • Palladius: Чжунхуа Жэньминь Гунхэго (Čžunxua Žɛnʹminʹ Gunxɛgo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ ɻən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong¹ hua² Ren² min² Gong⁴ ho² gue²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zungxua Rhenmin Gungxogue
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹ ɹən²¹ min²¹ koŋ²¹³ xo²¹ kuɛ²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуә (Žunhua Řɨnmin Gunhəguə, I-I-I-I-I-I-I) / Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй (Žunhua Řɨnmin Gunhəguy, I-I-I-I-I-I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ɻəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuə²⁴/, /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ɻəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuei²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung¹ waa⁴ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³
    • Yale: jūng wàh yàhn màhn guhng wòh gwok
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ waa⁴ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ wa⁴ yen⁴ men⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: zung¹ fa⁴ liin⁴ min⁴ kung⁵ fo⁴ guet⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵ lɨn³⁵ min³⁵ kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung^ˊ fa^ˇ ngin^ˇ min^ˇ kiung fo^ˇ gued^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ fa² ngin² min² kiung⁴ fo² gued⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹ ŋin¹¹ min¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹ ku̯et̚²/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: zung¹ hua¹ zeng¹ ming¹ gung³ hue¹ gueh⁶
    • Sinological IPA (old-style, no sandhi): /t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹ kuəʔ²/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Dô̤ng-uǎ Nêng-měng Gō̤ng-uǎ-gŏ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (no sandhi): /tyŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋua⁵³ iŋ⁵³ miŋ⁵³ kyŋ²⁴² ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³ ^(k-)uɔʔ²⁴/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: De̤ng-huá Cíng-míng Gē̤ng-hó̤-go̤h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ¹¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ²¹/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: De̤ng-huá Cíng-míng Gē̤ng-hó̤-go̤h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^(h-)ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ¹¹ ^(h-)ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ²¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ t͡siŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴ kyøŋ²¹ hɒ²⁴ kɒʔ²/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^(h-)ŋua²⁴ t͡siŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴ kyøŋ²¹ ^(h-)ŋɒ²⁴ kɒʔ²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok
    • Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa jinbiin kioxnghoi'kog
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok
    • Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa linbiin kioxnghoi'kog
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô͘-kok
    • Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hôo-kok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa linbiin kioxngho'kog
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dong¹ hua⁵ ring⁵ ming⁵ gang⁷ hua⁵ gog⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong huâ jîng mîng kāng huâ kok
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹tson-gho₆ ⁶zen-min₆ ⁶gon-wu₆-koq₇
    • MiniDict: tson^平 gho^去 zen^去 min^去 gon^去 wu^去 koh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹tson-hho₃ ³zen-min₃ ³gon-hhu₃-koq₄
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³  zən²² min³³  ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: zhong¹ fa² ren² min² gong⁵ ho² gue⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ ɻən¹³ min¹³ kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ ɻən¹³ min¹³ kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

Proper noun

中華人民共和國

1. People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)

   1949年，毛澤東主席宣告中華人民共和國成立。 [MSC, trad.]
   1949年，毛泽东主席宣告中华人民共和国成立。 [MSC, simp.]

   1949 nián, Máo Zédōng zhǔxí xuāngào Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó chénglì. [Pinyin]

   In 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
			Warring States period 戰國 / 战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 CE	Western Han 西漢 / 西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国	220 – 280 CE	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉
		Wu 吳 / 吴
Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 CE	Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋
		Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 CE	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 CE
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 CE
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国	907 – 960 CE
Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 CE
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 CE	Northern Song 北宋
		Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 CE
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 CE
Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽	1124 – 1218 CE
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 CE
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 CE
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 CE
Republic of China 中華民國 / 中华民国	1912 CE – present	Note: In Chinese contexts
People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国	1949 CE – present	Note: In Chinese contexts

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中華人民共和國):

• → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku)
• → Korean: 중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國) (Junghwainmin'gonghwaguk)

Others:

• → Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef
• → Hlai: Dongxhwax Naengsmiens Gong'hwasgok
• → Tibetan: ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ (krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab) (calque)
• → Zhuang: Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz
• → Vietnamese: Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa (calque)

Further reading

• Why was the official name of the new China chosen as the "People's Republic of China"?. Party History and Literature Research Institute.

See also

• 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “China”)
• 中華民國／中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó, “Republic of China / Taiwan”)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
中	華	人	民	共	和	國
ちゅう Grade: 1	か Grade: S	じん Grade: 1	みん Grade: 4	きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3	こく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 中華人民共和國 – see the following entry.

【中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく】 [proper noun] People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)

(This term, 中華人民共和國, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
中	華	人	民	共	和	國

Proper noun

中華人民共和國 • (junghwainmin'gonghwaguk) (hangeul 중화인민공화국)

1. hanja form^? of 중화인민공화국 : People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)