個
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See also: 个
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
個 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人田十口 (OWJR), four-corner 26200, composition ⿰亻固)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 107, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 758
- Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 3
- Unihan data for U+500B
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 個/箇 | |
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simp. | 个 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Old Chinese | |
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箇 | *kaːls |
個 | *kaːls |
居 | *kɯ, *kas |
橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
嫴 | *kaː |
姑 | *kaː |
辜 | *kaː |
酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
蛄 | *kaː |
鴣 | *kaː |
沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
古 | *kaːʔ |
罟 | *kaːʔ |
估 | *kaːʔ |
鈷 | *kaːʔ |
詁 | *kaːʔ |
牯 | *kaːʔ |
故 | *kaːs |
固 | *kaːs |
稒 | *kaːɡs |
痼 | *kaːɡs |
錮 | *kaːɡs |
鯝 | *kaːɡs |
棝 | *kaːɡs |
凅 | *kaːɡs |
枯 | *kʰaː |
軲 | *kʰaː |
跍 | *kʰaː |
骷 | *kʰaː |
苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
餬 | *ɡaː |
瑚 | *ɡaː |
湖 | *ɡaː |
鶘 | *ɡaː |
猢 | *ɡaː |
醐 | *ɡaː |
糊 | *ɡaː |
箶 | *ɡaː |
蝴 | *ɡaː |
胡 | *ɡaː |
瓳 | *ɡaː |
怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
据 | *ka |
裾 | *ka |
琚 | *ka |
椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
鶋 | *ka |
蜛 | *ka |
崌 | *ka |
涺 | *ka |
腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
鋸 | *kas |
倨 | *kas |
踞 | *kas |
涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːls): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
Etymology[edit]
The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
- Min Nan classifier and possessive particle
- Hokkien ê/gê (classifier), ê (possessive particle), Teochew gai5 (classifier), gai7 (possessive particle): from 其 (OC *ɡɯ) (Li, 2002; Douglas, 1899[1]). Cognate with Min Dong 其 (gì, “possessive particle”), Min Bei 的 (gâ̤, “possessive particle”). The modern forms of these cognates all derive from the 陽平/阳平 (“yangping”) tone.
- Wu classifier and possessive particle
- Though the expected pronunciation (in for instance Shanghainese) would be /ku/, this has underwent glottalisation (Dai, 2004). Compare 勒 (“to be in, to be at”), 搭 (“to”). In Shanghainese, this often undergoes further lenition to /ɦəʔ/.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
個
- single; alone; individual
- height; build; stature
- (dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) one
- The generic classifier for people or for things lacking specific classifiers.
- Classifier for hours and months.
- Alternative classifier, for nouns having specific classifiers. Often colloquial and regional. Usage varies greatly between different topolects.
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Puxian Min, Wenzhou Wu) Classifier for money: yuan, dollar; buck
- 三個九毫九/三个九毫九 [Cantonese] ― saam1 go3 gau2 hou4 gau2 [Jyutping] ― three dollars and ninety-nine cents
- 八個六/八个六 [Cantonese] ― baat3 go3 luk6 [ [Jyutping] ― eight dollars and sixty cents
- 三個銀/三个银 [Sixian Hakka] ― sâm ke ngiùn [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― three dollars
- 兩斤五個/两斤五个 [Teochew] ― no6 geng1 ngou6 gai5 [Peng'im] ― two catties for five dollars
- 個銀三粒/个银三粒 [Teochew] ― gai5 ngeng5 san1 liab8 [Peng'im] ― three for a buck
- (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and numbers, showing that the following numbers are approximate, not accurate.
- (Mandarin, Cantonese, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and its object or complement, adding a sense of ease, swiftness and one-offness to the action.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle used after 些 (xiē).
- Particle between a verb and its complement.
- (dialectal Mandarin) Particle used in some time-related words.
- (literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿 (Shanghainese)) this; that
- (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Min Nan, Wu) Possessive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de).
- → 嘅 (ge3) (Cantonese); 格 (kaq), 額/额 (gheq) (Shanghainese) (Mandarin influenced); 噶, 葛 (Suzhounese); 的 (ê) (Hokkien)
- 我個冊/我个册 [Hokkien] ― góa ê chheh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― my book
- 我個書/我个书 [Teochew] ― ua2 gai7 ze1 [Peng'im] ― my book
- 我個小囡/我个小囡 [Shanghainese] ― 6ngu-gheq 5shiau-noe [Wugniu] ― my child
- 客家個精神/客家个精神 [Sixian Hakka] ― hak-kâ ke chîn-sṳ̀n [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― the Hakka spirit
- (dialectal) Sentence-final declarative, affirmative, or prohibitive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de), 了 (le).
- (often dialectal) Emphatic particle between a pronoun and a noun, usually to highlight some negative quality of the person.
- (Teochew) to be
- 我個潮州來個。 [Teochew, trad.]
- From: Based on 2011, Hui Ling Xu; Stephen Matthews, On the polyfunctionality and grammaticalization of the morpheme kai in the Chaozhou dialect, in Foong Ha Yap; Karen Grunow-Hårsta; Janick Wrona (eds.), Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, page 121
- ua2 gai5 dio5 ziu1 lai5 gai7 [Peng'im]
- I come from Chaozhou. (i.e., It is Chaozhou that I come from.)
我个潮州来个。 [Teochew, simp.]
- (dated Shanghainese Wu) Used to indicate the past tense.
Usage notes[edit]
- For Hokkien, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the general classifier ê and 的 for the possessive particle ê, reserving 個 for the month classifier kò.
- For Hakka, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the possessive particle.
- In Cantonese, when used for "yuan/dollar", 個 is usually only used when followed by cents.
- Northern Wu languages can mark for tenses, as well as aspects. In Old Shanghainese, this is used to mark the past tense, as opposed to a perfect aspect.
Synonyms[edit]
- (height):
- (one):
- (classifier for people):
Dialectal synonyms of 個 (“generic classifier for people”) [map]
- (possessive particle):
- (yuan; dollar):
- (this):
Compounds[edit]
- 一個/一个 (yīgè)
- 一個勁兒/一个劲儿 (yīgejìnr)
- 一個子兒/一个子儿
- 一個樣兒/一个样儿
- 七個八個/七个八个
- 不是個兒/不是个儿
- 些個/些个 (xiēge)
- 今兒個/今儿个 (jīnrgè)
- 個中/个中 (gèzhōng)
- 個中三昧/个中三昧
- 個中人/个中人
- 個中滋味/个中滋味
- 個中道理/个中道理
- 個事/个事
- 個人/个人 (gèrén)
- 個人主義/个人主义 (gèrén zhǔyì)
- 個人外交/个人外交
- 個人所得/个人所得
- 個人撥接/个人拨接
- 個人本位/个人本位
- 個人秀/个人秀
- 個人衛生/个人卫生 (gèrén wèishēng)
- 個人資料/个人资料
- 個人電腦/个人电脑 (gèrén diànnǎo)
- 個人首頁/个人首页
- 個位/个位 (gèwèi)
- 個個/个个 (gègè)
- 個個稱羨/个个称羡
- 個兒/个儿 (gèr)
- 個別/个别 (gèbié)
- 個別差異/个别差异
- 個別輔導/个别辅导
- 個子/个子 (gèzi)
- 個展/个展 (gèzhǎn)
- 個性/个性 (gèxìng)
- 個性難改/个性难改
- 個把/个把
- 個數/个数 (gèshù)
- 個案/个案 (gè'àn)
- 個案分析/个案分析
- 個案研究/个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū)
- 個樣/个样
- 個裡/个里
- 個頭/个头
- 個體/个体 (gètǐ)
- 個體戶/个体户 (gètǐhù)
- 做的個/做的个
- 傍個影兒/傍个影儿
- 兩個聲/两个声 (liǎng gè shēng)
- 則個/则个
- 前兒個/前儿个 (qiánrge)
- 半個/半个 (bànge)
- 半個人/半个人 (bàn ge rén)
- 又弱一個/又弱一个
- 各個/各个 (gègè)
- 各個擊破/各个击破 (gègèjīpò)
- 單個兒/单个儿
- 噶個點兒/噶个点儿
- 四個堅持/四个坚持
- 夜兒個/夜儿个 (yèrge)
- 大個/大个
- 大個兒/大个儿
- 大個子/大个子
- 好個/好个
- 寧個/宁个
- 帶個好/带个好
- 幫個場子/帮个场子
- 幾個/几个 (jǐgè)
- 幾兒個/几儿个
- 成個兒/成个儿 (chénggèr)
- 打一個吞/打一个吞
- 打個前失/打个前失
- 打個千兒/打个千儿
- 打個問號/打个问号
- 打個沉兒/打个沉儿
- 打個照會/打个照会
- 打個照面/打个照面
- 打個花/打个花
- 挨個兒/挨个儿 (āigèr)
- 探個究竟/探个究竟
- 揀啊揀,揀著一個賣龍眼/揀啊揀,揀著一个賣龍眼/拣啊拣,拣着一个卖龙眼 (kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng) (Hokkien)
- 撲個滿懷/扑个满怀
- 撲個空/扑个空
- 整個/整个 (zhěnggè)
- 有個好歹/有个好歹
- 有個屁用/有个屁用
- 有個數兒/有个数儿
- 有個說兒/有个说儿
- 某個/某个 (mǒugè)
- 比個高下/比个高下
- 比個高低/比个高低
- 沒個出豁/没个出豁
- 沒個是處/没个是处
- 沒個見識/没个见识
- 沒個開交/没个开交
- 滅不個/灭不个
- 滿好個/满好个
- 猛個勁/猛个劲
- 獨自個/独自个
- 發個兒/发个儿
- 看個究竟/看个究竟
- 真個/真个 (zhēngè)
- 矬個兒/矬个儿
- 矮個/矮个 (ǎigè)
- 矮個兒/矮个儿 (ǎigèr)
- 矮個子/矮个子 (ǎigèzi)
- 第一個/第一个 (dì-yī gè)
- 自個兒/自个儿 (zìgěr)
- 若個/若个
- 行個方便/行个方便
- 見個情/见个情
- 覷個意順/觑个意顺
- 討個分曉/讨个分晓
- 賠個不是/赔个不是
- 賣個破綻/卖个破绽
- 這個/这个
- 這個擋口/这个挡口
- 這個當兒/这个当儿
- 這個那個/这个那个
- 那個/那个
- 郎個/郎个
- 隔裡個裡/隔里个里
- 高個兒/高个儿
- 高個子/高个子
- 麥個子/麦个子
Descendants[edit]
Others:
References[edit]
- ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1899), “dê”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, London: Presbyterian Church of England, page 99
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
個
Readings[edit]
Counter[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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個 |
こ Grade: 5 |
tōon |
Usage notes[edit]
This is one of the most common counter words in Japanese. It can be used to count small, round objects.
See also[edit]
See Template:ja-number-counter:個.
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 개인 (個人, gaein, “individual”)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- generic classifier
References[edit]
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