個
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See also: 个
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Translingual[edit]
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character[edit]
個 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人田十口 (OWJR), four-corner 26200, composition ⿰亻固)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 107, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 758
- Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 3
- Unihan data for U+500B
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 個/箇 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 个 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːls): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
Etymology[edit]
The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
- Min Nan classifier and possessive particle
- Hokkien ê/gê (classifier), ê (possessive particle), Teochew gai5 (classifier), gai7 (possessive particle): from 其 (OC *ɡɯ) (Li, 2002). Cognate with Min Dong 其 (gì, “possessive particle”), Min Bei 的 (gâ̤, “possessive particle”). The modern forms of these cognates all derive from the 陽平／阳平 (“yangping”) tone.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
個
- single; alone; individual
- height; build; stature
- (dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) one
- The generic classifier for people or for things lacking specific classifiers.
- Classifier for hours and months.
- Alternative classifier, for nouns having specific classifiers. Often colloquial and regional. Usage varies greatly between different topolects.
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Puxian Min, Wenzhou Wu Wu) Classifier for money: yuan, dollar; buck
- 三個九毫九 / 三个九毫九 [Cantonese] ― saam1 go3 gau2 hou4 gau2 [Jyutping] ― three dollars and ninety-nine cents
- 八個六 / 八个六 [Cantonese] ― baat3 go3 luk6 [Jyutping] ― eight dollars and sixty cents
- 三個銀 / 三个银 [Sixian Hakka] ― sâm ke ngiùn [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― three dollars
- 兩斤五個 / 两斤五个 [Teochew] ― no6 geng1 ngou6 gai5 [Peng'im] ― two catties for five dollars
- 個銀三粒 / 个银三粒 [Teochew] ― gai5 ngeng5 san1 liab8 [Peng'im] ― three for a buck
- (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and numbers, showing that the following numbers are approximate, not accurate.
- (Mandarin, Cantonese, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and its object or complement, adding a sense of ease, swiftness and one-offness to the action.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle used after 些 (xiē).
- Particle between a verb and its complement.
- (dialectal Mandarin) Particle used in some time-related words.
- (literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿) this; that
- (Cantonese, Wu) Word-initial particle, serving as the definite article.
- (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Min Nan, Wu) Possessive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de).
- (dialectal) Sentence-final declarative, affirmative, or prohibitive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de), 了 (le).
- (often dialectal) Emphatic particle between a pronoun and a noun, usually to highlight some negative quality of the person.
- (Teochew) to be
- 我個潮州來個。 [Teochew, trad.]
- From: Based on 2011, Hui Ling Xu; Stephen Matthews, On the polyfunctionality and grammaticalization of the morpheme kai in the Chaozhou dialect, in Foong Ha Yap; Karen Grunow-Hårsta; Janick Wrona (eds.), Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, page 121
- ua2 gai5 dio5 ziu1 lai5 gai7 [Peng'im]
- I come from Chaozhou. (i.e., It is Chaozhou that I come from.)
我个潮州来个。 [Teochew, simp.]
Usage notes[edit]
- For Min Nan, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the general classifier ê and 的 for the possessive particle ê, reserving 個 for the month classifier kò.
- For Hakka, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the possessive particle.
- In Cantonese, when used for "yuan/dollar", 個 is usually only used when followed by cents.
Synonyms[edit]
- (height):
Synonyms of 個
- (one):
- (classifier for people):
Dialectal synonyms of 個 (“generic classifier for people”) [map]
- (possessive particle):
- (yuan; dollar):
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms
Descendants[edit]
Others:
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
個
Readings[edit]
Counter[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 個 |
| こ Grade: 5 |
| tōon |
Usage notes[edit]
This is one of the most common counter words in Japanese. It can be used to count small, round objects.
See also[edit]
| Japanese number-counter combinations for 個 (ko) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 一個 (ikko) | 二個 (niko) | 三個 (sanko) | 四個 (yonko) | 五個 (goko) |
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 六個 (rokko) | 七個 (nanako) | 八個 (hakko) | 九個 (kyūko) | 十個 (jukko) |
| 100 | 1,000 | 10,000 | How many? | |
| 百個 (hyakko) | 千個 (senko) | 一万個 (ichimanko) | 何個 (nanko) | |
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 개인 (個人, gaein, “individual”)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- generic classifier
References[edit]
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