改

Translingual

Han character

改 (radical 66 攴+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 尸山人大 (SUOK), four-corner 1874₀, composition ⿰己攵)

References

• KangXi: page 468, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13114
• Dae Jaweon: page 816, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1450, character 1
• Unihan data for U+6539

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		改

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gǎi (gai³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄞˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): goi²
• Min Nan (POJ): kái / kóe / ké

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: gǎi
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄞˇ
    • Wade-Giles: kai³
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gae
    • IPA ^(key): /kaɪ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: goi²
    • Yale: gói
    • Cantonese Pinyin: goi²
    • IPA ^(key): /kɔːi̯³⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ké
    • Tâi-lô: ké
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kea
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ke⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kóe
    • Tâi-lô: kué
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koea
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kue⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kue⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, mainstream Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái
    • Tâi-lô: kái
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kae
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kaɪ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kaɪ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaɪ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kaɪ⁵³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kaɪ⁵³/
    • Note: kái - literary, kóe/ké - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: /kʌi^X/▼

Rime
Character	改
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古亥切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʌiX/
Pan Wuyun	/kəiX/
Shao Rongfen	/kɒiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəjX/
Li Rong	/kᴀiX/
Wang Li	/kɒiX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑ̆iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gǎi

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*C.qˤəʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*klɯːʔ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	改
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ kojX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qˤəʔ/
English	change (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	改
Reading #	1/1
No.	5763
Phonetic component	己
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	改
Old Chinese	/*klɯːʔ/

Verb

改

1. to alter; to change; to modify
2. to improve; to remodel

Compounds

• 改革 (gǎigé, “reform”)
• 更改 (gēnggǎi, “change, edit”)

References

• (Min Nan) “Entry #3223”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

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Japanese

Kanji

改

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. reform
2. correct
3. change

Readings

• Goon: かい (kai)
• Kan’on: かい (kai)
• Kun: あらためる (aratameru), あらため (aratame), あらたまる (aratamaru)
• Nanori: あら (ara)

Compounds

改悪 改易 改悔 改革 改旧 改玉 改元

改寤 改号 改刪 改宗 改修 改春 改心

改進 改正 改姓 改善 改装 改葬 改造

改定 改訂 改轍 改容 改暦

References

JIS: 327E Kuten: 1894 Shift JIS: 89FC EUC-JP: B2FE Frequency: 147 Nelson: 1464

New Nelson: 2332 Halpern: 243 Halpern Learners: 180 Heisig: 528 Tuttle Kanji Dictionary: 4i3.1

1. Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.

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Korean

Hanja

改 • ‎(gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune-Reischauer kae, Yale kay)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

改 (cải, cãi, gởi, gửi)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.