改

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改 U+6539, 改
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6539
← 攸
[U+6538] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 攺 →
[U+653A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character[edit]

改 (radical 66, 攴+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 尸山人大 (SUOK), four-corner 18740, composition ⿰己攵)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 468, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13114
  • Dae Jaweon: page 816, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1450, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6539

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (己) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
改 *klɯːʔ
跽 *ɡrɯʔ
己 *kɯʔ
紀 *kɯʔ
妀 *kɯʔ
記 *kɯs
杞 *kʰɯʔ
屺 *kʰɯʔ
芑 *kʰɯʔ
邔 *kʰɯʔ, *ɡɯs
玘 *kʰɯʔ
忌 *ɡɯs
鵋 *ɡɯs
誋 *ɡɯs
梞 *ɡɯs
改 (in the form of 攺) from a Western-Han manuscript of the Yili in the clerical script.

In the oracle bone script, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *klɯːʔ): phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs) + semantic 攴.

Since the small seal script, the phonetic component has been changed to 己 (OC *kɯʔ).

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 改
alternative forms 攺

Related to 革 (OC *krɯːɡ, “to change”), 更 (OC *kraːŋ, “to change”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • guōi - vernacular;
  • gāi - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangzhou:
      • kóe/ké - vernacular;
      • kái - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 改
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古亥切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʌiX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kəiX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kɒiX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kəjX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kᴀiX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɒiX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kɑ̆iX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		gǎi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		goi2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 改
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gǎi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kojX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.qˁəʔ/
    English change (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 改
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5763
    Phonetic
    component         		己
    Rime
    group         		之
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		改
    Old
    Chinese         		/*klɯːʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    改

    1. to correct; to improve
    2. to change; to transform; to alter; to modify
    3. to mark; to correct; to grade (homework, an assignment, a test, etc.)
    4. (Hokkien) to give up; to quit; to abstain from (a bad habit)
    5. A surname​.
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 戒 (“to give up; to quit”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 戒
    Mandarin Taiwan 戒
    Xi'an 戒
    Yangzhou 戒
    Cantonese Guangzhou 戒
    Hong Kong 戒
    Gan Nanchang 戒
    Hakka Meixian 戒
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 戒
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 戒
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 戒
    Dongshi (Dabu) 戒
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 戒
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 改
    Huizhou Jixi 戒
    Min Nan Xiamen 改
    Quanzhou 改
    Zhangzhou 改
    Tainan 改

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 改

    Etymology 2[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 改
    alternative forms 介
    屆／届

    Probably from Japanese 回(かい) (kai).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    改

    1. (Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for times, as in frequency.

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    改

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. reform
    2. correct
    3. change

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • New Nelson: 2332
    • Halpern: 243
    • Halpern Learners: 180
    • Heisig: 528
    • Tuttle Kanji Dictionary: 4i3.1
    1. Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    改
    かい
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 改 (MC kʌiX).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    改(かい) • (kai) 

    1. change; modify; reform

    Suffix[edit]

    改(かい) • (-kai) 

    1. revision
    2. revised, modified
      チヌ改(かい)
      chi-nu-kai
      Chi-Nu Kai
      装輪装甲車(そうりんそうこうしゃ)（改(かい)）
      sōrin-sōkō-sha (kai)
      Wheeled Armoured Vehicle (Improved)

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    改 (eumhun 고칠 개 (gochil gae))

    1. Hanja form? of 개 (“reform; fix”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    改: Hán Nôm readings: cải, cãi, gởi, gửi

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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