更

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See also: 史 and 吏
更 U+66F4, 更
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4
← 曳
[U+66F3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 曵 →
[U+66F5]
更 U+F901, 更
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901
← 豈
[U+F900] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 車 →
[U+F902]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character[edit]

更 (radical 73, 曰+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 10506, composition ⿱一⿻日乂)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 502, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14283
  • Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 20, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+66F4

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 更

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 更
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
更-oracle.svg 更-bronze.svg 更-seal.svg 更-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
更 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs
粳 *kraːŋ
埂 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ
浭 *kraːŋ
稉 *kraːŋ
梗 *kraːŋʔ
哽 *kraːŋʔ
綆 *kraːŋʔ
鯁 *kraːŋʔ
挭 *kraːŋʔ
骾 *kraːŋʔ
郠 *kraːŋʔ
硬 *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs
鞕 *ŋɡraːŋs
丙 *pqraŋʔ
炳 *praŋʔ
邴 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
怲 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
苪 *praŋʔ
蛃 *praŋʔ
昺 *praŋʔ
昞 *praŋʔ
窉 *praŋʔ
柄 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
鈵 *praŋs
寎 *praŋs
病 *braŋs

Unknown, probably a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs): phonetic 丙 (OC *pqraŋʔ) + semantic 攴 according to Shuowen.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.
Note: literary reading.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 更 (更換)
Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kəŋ²¹/
Jinan /kəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kəŋ²¹/
Xining /kə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ken²¹³/
Kunming /kə̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kən³¹/
Hefei /kən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ¹¹/ ～換
/t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五～
Pingyao /kəŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kã⁵³/
/kəŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ken³³/
Wenzhou /kiɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³¹/
/kɛ³¹/ 打～
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kən³³/
Xiangtan /kən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打～
Hakka Meixian /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ⁵³/
Nanning /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kĩ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaiŋ³³/
/kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三～
Shantou (Min Nan) /keŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ²³/
/kɔŋ²³/
Rime
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古行切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gēng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁraŋ/
English change (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
No. 866
Phonetic
component 		丙
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		庚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːŋ/

Definitions[edit]

更

  1. to change; to replace
  2. to take turns; to rotate
  3. to experience
  4. 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 更

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note: vernacular reading.
Rime
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古行切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gēng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁraŋ/
English change (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
No. 866
Phonetic
component 		丙
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		庚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːŋ/

Definitions[edit]

更

  1. (historical) watch (of a sentry)
  2. (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
  3. (by extension, Hong Kong Cantonese) shift; work period

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 更

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Note: literary reading.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 更 (更加)
Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /kəŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /kəŋ⁵³/
Jinan /kəŋ²¹/
Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /kəŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /kə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /kəŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /kə̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /kɤŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /kən³⁵/
Chengdu /kən¹³/
Guiyang /ken²¹³/
Kunming /kə̃¹/
Nanjing /kən⁴⁴/
Hefei /kən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /kəŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /kəŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /kən⁵¹/
Hangzhou /ken⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /kiɛ⁴²/
Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³²⁴/
Tunxi /kiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kən⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kən⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ken⁵³/
Taoyuan /ken⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ³³/
Nanning /kɐŋ³³/
Hong Kong /kɐŋ³³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ²¹/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaiŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaiŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /keŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ³⁵/
/kɔŋ³⁵/
Rime
Character 更
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古孟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong 		/kɐŋH/
Wang
Li 		/kɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gèng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 更
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gèng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kængH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁraŋ-s/
English still more

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 更
Reading # 2/2
No. 879
Phonetic
component 		丙
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		更
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːŋs/

Definitions[edit]

更

  1. more; further; even more
    我的裙子更漂亮！  ―  Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang!  ―  My skirt is even more beautiful!
    加拿大的房子比美國的更貴。 [MSC, trad.]
    加拿大的房子比美国的更贵。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]
    Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 更

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

更

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
更
さら
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
【新さら】2
[noun] something new and unused
[proper noun] a female given name
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
更
こもごも
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
【こもごも】
[adverb] alternating; one after another
[adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
Alternative spellings
交々, 交, 相, 更
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
更
ふ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
【更ふけ】
[noun] growing late
[noun] Short for 深田(ふけだ) (fukeda, “muddy rice field​”).
Alternative spellings
更, 深
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
更
こう
Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

更(こう) • (kō)  (historical kana かう)

  1. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China

References[edit]

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kˠæŋH).

Hanja[edit]

更 (eumhun 다시 갱 (dasi gaeng))

  1. Hanja form? of 갱 (“again”).

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kˠæŋ).

Hanja[edit]

更 (eumhun 고칠 경 (gochil gyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 경 (“change; fix”).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

更: Hán Việt readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][3]
更: Nôm readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][2], cành[1], gánh[2], ngạnh[3]

  1. Hán tự form of canh (“to watch; to guard”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
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