相

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See also: 租
相 U+76F8, 相
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F8
← 盷
[U+76F7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盹 →
[U+76F9]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character[edit]

相 (radical 109, 目+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木月山 (DBU), four-corner 46900, composition ⿰木目)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 800, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23151
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1216, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2470, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+76F8

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 相

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (相) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
相 *slaŋ, *slaŋs
廂 *slaŋ
湘 *slaŋ
緗 *slaŋ
箱 *slaŋ
葙 *slaŋ
想 *slaŋʔ
霜 *sraŋ
孀 *sraŋ
鸘 *sraŋ
驦 *sraŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.

Etymology[edit]

An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • siong/siang - literary;
  • saⁿ/sio/sa - vernacular;
  • siuⁿ/sioⁿ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 相思).
Note:
  • siang1 - literary;
  • sio1/siê1 - vernacular (siê1 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息良切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/siɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/siaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xiāng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xiāng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]aŋ/
    English mutually

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 13579
    Phonetic
    component         		相
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		襄
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slaŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    相

    1. to see for oneself; to evaluate by seeing for oneself
      相女婿  ―  xiāng nǚxù  ―  assess the suitability of a prospective son-in-law or husband
    2. mutually; reciprocally; towards each other; one another
      相望  ―  xiāngwàng  ―  to look at each other
      相逢  ―  xiāngféng  ―  to meet by chance
    3. together; jointly
    4. successively; one after another
    5. towards; to
    6. A surname​.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 相

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • soeng3-2 - “photo; picture”.
    Note:
    • lhiang1* - “photo; picture”.
  • Hakka
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • siòng/siàng - literary;
    • siùⁿ/siòⁿ - vernacular.
    Note:
    • siang3 - literary;
    • sion3/siên3 - vernacular (siên3 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息亮切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/siɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/siaŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xiàng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xiàng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sjangH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]aŋ-s/
    English appearance, quality

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 13586
    Phonetic
    component         		相
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		相
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slaŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    相

    1. to look at; to examine the appearance and judge; to observe
    2. looks; appearance; features
    3. posture; carriage; bearing
    4. photo; picture; photograph (Classifier: 張／张 c)
      影幾張相 / 影几张相 [Cantonese]  ―  jing2 gei2 zoeng1 soeng1 [Jyutping]  ―  to take a few pictures
    5. phase; exterior; stage; period
    6. (physics) phase
    7. (geology) facies
    8. to physiognomise; to practise physiognomy; to tell fortune by reading the subject's facial features
    9. physiognomy; practice of physiognomy
    10. to choose; to pick
    11. to assist; to help; to oversee
    12. (historical) prime minister; minister
    13. (Chinese chess) minister (on the red side)
    14. (historical) master of ceremonies
    15. (historical) attendant
    16. to administer; to govern
    17. to teach; to instruct
    18. A surname​.
    Coordinate terms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 相

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    相

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. mutual, reciprocal, with one another
    2. appearance, look

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Old Japanese stem form of verb あう: to meet, to be together, etc.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    相 (hiragana あい, rōmaji ai-)

    1. mutual, together, each other, meeting
      兄弟 (きょうだい)はいつも相 (あい)戦 (たたか)うものだ。
      Kyōdai wa itsumo ai-tatakau mono da.
      Brothers (siblings) will always fight (with each other).

    Suffix[edit]

    相 (hiragana あい, rōmaji -ai)

    1. mutual, together, each other, meeting
    Usage notes[edit]

    Generally, 相 when used as a prefix, 合い when used as a suffix.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Originally a compound of Old Japanese elements 此 (ko, “this”) +‎ も (mo, “too”) +‎ 此 (ko, “this”) +‎ も (mo, “too”). Appears as komokomo in older texts, evolving into komogomo in modern Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Adverb[edit]

    相 (hiragana こもごも, rōmaji komogomo)

    1. alternating, one after another
      悲 (ひ)喜 (き)相 (こもごも)
      hiki komogomo
      sadness and happiness one after another ⇒ mixed feelings
    2. all mixed up and indistinct
      相 (こもごも)考 (かんが)える
      komogomo kangaeru
      to be mixed up in one's thoughts, to think confusedly
    Usage notes[edit]

    Most often seen spelled in hiragana as こもごも. May also be spelled variously as 交交, 交, 更.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    相 (hiragana さが, rōmaji saga)

    1. nature, personality
    2. fate, destiny
    3. a habit, custom, or practice
    4. the good and bad of a person; especially, one's faults
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    From Middle Chinese, deriving from the meaning of with from the way that a minister would always be with their lord. Kan'on, so likely a later borrowing than the sō reading.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    相 (hiragana しょう, rōmaji -shō, historical hiragana しゃう)

    1. minister of state
      首 (しゅ)相 (しょう)
      shushō
      prime minister
      内 (ない)相 (しょう)
      naishō
      minister of the interior
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 5[edit]

    From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    相 (hiragana そう, rōmaji sō, historical hiragana さう)

    1. appearance, how something looks
    2. an aspect of something
      大自然 (だいしぜん)の色々 (いろいろ)な相 (そう)
      daishizen no iroiro na sō
      various aspects of nature
    3. (grammar) grammatical aspect
    4. (physics) a phase, as of matter
    5. (ikebana) the central supporting branch of an ikebana arrangement
    Related terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    相 • (sang) (hangeul 상)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    相 (tương, tướng, rương)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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