相

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See also: 租
相 U+76F8, 相
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F8
← 盷
[U+76F7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盹 →
[U+76F9]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character[edit]

相 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木月山 (DBU), four-corner 46900, composition ⿰木目)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 800, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23151
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1216, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2470, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+76F8

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 相

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (相) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
相 *slaŋ, *slaŋs
廂 *slaŋ
湘 *slaŋ
緗 *slaŋ
箱 *slaŋ
葙 *slaŋ
想 *slaŋʔ
霜 *sraŋ
孀 *sraŋ
鸘 *sraŋ
驦 *sraŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.

Etymology[edit]

An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007).

Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • siong/siang - literary;
  • saⁿ/sio/sa - vernacular;
  • siuⁿ/sioⁿ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 相思).
Note:
  • siang1 - literary;
  • sio1/siê1 - vernacular (siê1 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息良切
    Baxter sjang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/siɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/siaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xiāng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		soeng1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xiāng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]aŋ/
    English mutually

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 13579
    Phonetic
    component         		相
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		襄
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slaŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    相

    1. to see for oneself; to evaluate by seeing for oneself
      相女婿  ―  xiāng nǚxù  ―  assess the suitability of a prospective son-in-law or husband
    2. mutually; reciprocally; towards each other; one another
      相望  ―  xiāngwàng  ―  to look at each other
      相逢  ―  xiāngféng  ―  to meet by chance
    3. together; jointly
    4. successively; one after another
    5. towards; to
    6. a surname

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • soeng3-2 - “photo; picture”.
    Note:
    • lhiang1* - “photo; picture”.
  • Gan
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • siòng/siàng - literary;
    • siùⁿ/siòⁿ/siàuⁿ - vernacular.
    Note:
    • siang3 - literary;
    • sion3/siên3 - vernacular (siên3 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息亮切
    Baxter sjangH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/siɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/siaŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xiàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		soeng3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xiàng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sjangH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]aŋ-s/
    English appearance, quality

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 13586
    Phonetic
    component         		相
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		相
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slaŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    相

    1. to look at; to examine the appearance and judge; to observe
    2. looks; appearance; features
      長相／长相  ―  zhǎngxiàng  ―  facial features
    3. posture; bearing
      站相  ―  zhànxiàng  ―  standing posture
    4. demeanour; manners
      吃相  ―  chīxiàng  ―  table manners
    5. photo; picture; photograph (Classifier: 張／张 c; 幅 c)
      影幾張相／影几张相 [Cantonese]  ―  jing2 gei2 zoeng1 soeng3-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to take a few pictures
    6. phase; exterior; stage; period
    7. (physics) phase
      相空間／相空间  ―  xiàngkōngjiān  ―  phase space
      相位  ―  xiàngwèi  ―  phase
      月相  ―  yuèxiàng  ―  lunar phase
    8. (geology) facies
    9. to physiognomise; to practise physiognomy; to tell fortune by reading the subject's facial features
    10. physiognomy; practice of physiognomy
    11. to choose; to pick
    12. to assist; to help; to oversee
    13. (Chinese mythology) Xiang of Xia (fifth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)
    14. (historical) Chancellor of State
    15. (xiangqi) minister (on the red side)
    16. (historical) master of ceremonies
    17. (historical) attendant
    18. to administer; to govern
    19. to teach; to instruct
    20. a person who guides or leads a blind person
    21. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 照片 (“photograph”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 照片, 相片
    Mandarin Beijing 相片兒
    Taiwan 相片
    Jinan 相片, 照片, 相片兒, 照片兒
    Luoyang 相片兒
    Wanrong 相片兒
    Xi'an 相片兒
    Ürümqi 相片子
    Wuhan 相片子, 相片, 相
    Chengdu 相片
    Guilin 相片
    Yangzhou 照片, 小照
    Hefei 相片
    Singapore 照片
    Dagudi (Maliba) 相片
    Reshuitang (Longling) 相片
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 相片
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 相片
    Cantonese Guangzhou 相片, 相
    Hong Kong 相
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 相
    Taishan 相
    Taishan (Guanghai) 相片, 相
    Kaiping (Chikan) 相
    Yangjiang 相
    Rongxian 相片
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 相片
    Hepu (Shatian) 相片
    Beihai 相片
    Beihai (Nankang) 相片
    Beihai (Yingpan) 相片
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 相片
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 相片
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 相片
    Ipoh (Guangfu) 相
    Singapore (Guangfu) 相片, 相
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 相片
    Móng Cái 相片
    Mandalay (Taishan) 相片
    Bangkok (Guangfu) 相片
    Betong (Rongxian) 相片
    Gan Nanchang 相片, 相片子
    Hakka Meixian 相片
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 相片, 寫真
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 相片, 寫真
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 相片, 寫真
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 相片, 寫真
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 相片, 寫真
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 相片, 寫真, 寫真相
    Hong Kong 相片
    Jin Taiyuan 相片子, 照相片
    Min Bei Jian'ou 相, 相片
    Min Dong Fuzhou 相, 相片
    Matsu 相片
    Min Nan Xiamen 像片, 相, 小影
    Quanzhou 像片
    Zhangzhou 影
    Taipei 相片, 寫真
    Penang (Hokkien) 小影
    Singapore (Hokkien) 像
    Manila (Hokkien) 像
    Chaozhou 相
    Shantou 相片, 相
    Jieyang 小影, 相, 相片
    Bangkok (Teochew) 相片
    Chiang Mai (Teochew) 相
    Hat Yai (Teochew) 小影, 相片
    Singapore (Teochew) 像
    Pontianak (Teochew) 相
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 相
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 相片
    Wu Shanghai 照相, 照片, 寫真
    Suzhou 照, 照片
    Wenzhou 照相
    Xiang Changsha 相片子, 相片, 相
    Shuangfeng 相片子, 相片
    Coordinate terms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    相

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. mutual, reciprocal, with one another
    2. appearance, look

    Readings[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjang); compare Mandarin 相 (xiāng):

    From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjangH); compare Mandarin 相 (xiàng):

    From native Japanese roots:

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    相
    あい
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the following entry.
    【あい】
    [prefix] mutual, together, each other
    [prefix] used in official or epistolary writings for elegance or politeness
    (This term, 相, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    相
    こもごも
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the following entry.
    【こもごも】
    [adverb] alternating; one after another
    [adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
    Alternative spellings
    交々, 交, 更
    (This term, 相, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    相
    さが
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    相(さが) • (saga) 

    1. nature, personality
    2. fate, destiny
    3. a habit, custom, or practice
    4. the good and bad of a person; especially, one's faults
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    相
    しょう
    Grade: 3
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 相 (“together, with”), from the way that a minister would always be with their lord. Kan'on, so likely a later borrowing than the sō reading.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    相(しょう) • (-shō) ←しゃう (syau)?

    1. minister of state
      首(しゅ)相(しょう)
      shushō
      prime minister
      内(ない)相(しょう)
      naishō
      minister of the interior
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    相
    そう
    Grade: 3
    goon

    From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    相(そう) • (sō) ←さう (sau)?

    1. appearance, how something looks
    2. an aspect of something
      大(だい)自(し)然(ぜん)の色々(いろいろ)な相(そう)
      daishizen no iroiro na sō
      various aspects of nature
    3. (grammar) grammatical aspect
    4. (physics) a phase, as of matter
    5. (ikebana) the central supporting branch of an ikebana arrangement
    Related terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjang, “mutual; together”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (Yale: syàng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 서르 샤ᇰ[2] Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (syang) (Yale: syàng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.[1]
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Final (韻) Reading
    Samun Seonghwi, 1751 서ᄅᆞ 샹 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 샹 (Yale: syang) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
    1. ^ Identical eumhun in Gwangju Cheonjamun and Sinjeung Yuhap.
    2. ^ 本平聲 [Level tone]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    相 (eumhun 서로 상 (seoro sang))

    1. Hanja form? of 상 (“mutual; together”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjangH, “appearance”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (Yale: syáng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] ᄌᆡ〯샤ᇰ〮[1] 샤ᇰ〮 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (syáng) (Yale: syáng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Final (韻) Reading
    Samun Seonghwi, 1751 졍승[2] 샹 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 샹 (Yale: syang) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
    1. ^ 宰相 [Chancellor of State]
    2. ^ 政丞 [Minister]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    相 (eumhun 바탕 상 (batang sang))

    1. Hanja form? of 상 (“looks; appearance”).
    2. Hanja form? of 상 (“minister of state”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    相: Hán Nôm readings: tương

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