相

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See also: 租
相 U+76F8, 相
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F8
← 盷
[U+76F7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盹 →
[U+76F9]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character[edit]

相 (radical 109, 目+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木月山 (DBU), four-corner 46900, composition ⿰木目)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 800, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23151
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1216, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2470, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+76F8

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 相

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (相) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
相 *slaŋ, *slaŋs
廂 *slaŋ
湘 *slaŋ
緗 *slaŋ
箱 *slaŋ
葙 *slaŋ
想 *slaŋʔ
霜 *sraŋ
孀 *sraŋ
鸘 *sraŋ
驦 *sraŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.

Etymology[edit]

An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • siong/siang - literary;
  • saⁿ/sio/sa - vernacular;
  • siuⁿ/sioⁿ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 相思).
Note:
  • siang1 - literary;
  • sio1/siê1 - vernacular (siê1 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息良切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/siɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/siaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xiāng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xiāng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]aŋ/
    English mutually

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 相
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 13579
    Phonetic
    component         		相
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		襄
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slaŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    相

    1. to see for oneself; to evaluate by seeing for oneself
      相女婿  ―  xiāng nǚxù  ―  assess the suitability of a prospective son-in-law or husband
    2. mutually; reciprocally; towards each other; one another
      相望  ―  xiāngwàng  ―  to look at each other
      相逢  ―  xiāngféng  ―  to meet by chance
    3. together; jointly
    4. successively; one after another
    5. towards; to
    6. A surname​.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 相

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • soeng3-2 - “photo; picture”.
    Note:
    • lhiang1* - “photo; picture”.
  • Hakka
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • siòng/siàng - literary;
    • siùⁿ/siòⁿ/siàuⁿ - vernacular.
    Note:
    • siang3 - literary;
    • sion3/siên3 - vernacular (siên3 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息亮切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/siɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/siaŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xiàng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xiàng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sjangH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]aŋ-s/
    English appearance, quality

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 相
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 13586
    Phonetic
    component         		相
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		相
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slaŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    相

    1. to look at; to examine the appearance and judge; to observe
    2. looks; appearance; features
    3. posture; carriage; bearing
    4. photo; picture; photograph (Classifier: 張／张 c)
      影幾張相 / 影几张相 [Cantonese]  ―  jing2 gei2 zoeng1 soeng1 [Jyutping]  ―  to take a few pictures
    5. phase; exterior; stage; period
    6. (physics) phase
    7. (geology) facies
    8. to physiognomise; to practise physiognomy; to tell fortune by reading the subject's facial features
    9. physiognomy; practice of physiognomy
    10. to choose; to pick
    11. to assist; to help; to oversee
    12. (historical) prime minister; minister
    13. (Chinese chess) minister (on the red side)
    14. (historical) master of ceremonies
    15. (historical) attendant
    16. to administer; to govern
    17. to teach; to instruct
    18. A surname​.
    Coordinate terms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 相

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    相

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. mutual, reciprocal, with one another
    2. appearance, look

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    相
    あい
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the entry at あい with the following definition.
    [prefix]相: mutual, together, each other, meeting

    (This term, 相, is a kanji spelling of あい.)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Originally a compound of Old Japanese elements 此 (ko, “this”) +‎ も (mo, “too”) +‎ 此 (ko, “this”) +‎ も (mo, “too”). Appears as komokomo in older texts, evolving into komogomo in modern Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Adverb[edit]

    相 (hiragana こもごも, rōmaji komogomo)

    1. alternating, one after another
      悲 (ひ)喜 (き)相 (こもごも)
      hiki komogomo
      sadness and happiness one after another ⇒ mixed feelings
    2. all mixed up and indistinct
      相 (こもごも)考 (かんが)える
      komogomo kangaeru
      to be mixed up in one's thoughts, to think confusedly
    Usage notes[edit]

    Most often seen spelled in hiragana as こもごも. May also be spelled variously as 交交, 交, 更.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    相 (hiragana さが, rōmaji saga)

    1. nature, personality
    2. fate, destiny
    3. a habit, custom, or practice
    4. the good and bad of a person; especially, one's faults
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    From Middle Chinese, deriving from the meaning of with from the way that a minister would always be with their lord. Kan'on, so likely a later borrowing than the sō reading.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    相 (hiragana しょう, rōmaji -shō, historical hiragana しゃう)

    1. minister of state
      首 (しゅ)相 (しょう)
      shushō
      prime minister
      内 (ない)相 (しょう)
      naishō
      minister of the interior
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 5[edit]

    From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    相 (hiragana そう, rōmaji sō, historical hiragana さう)

    1. appearance, how something looks
    2. an aspect of something
      大 (だい)自 (し)然 (ぜん)の色々 (いろいろ)な相 (そう)
      daishizen no iroiro na sō
      various aspects of nature
    3. (grammar) grammatical aspect
    4. (physics) a phase, as of matter
    5. (ikebana) the central supporting branch of an ikebana arrangement
    Related terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    相 • (sang) (hangeul 상)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    相 (tương, tướng, rương)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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