木

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See also: ホ and 禾
木 U+6728, 木
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6728
← 朧
[U+6727] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 朩 →
[U+6729]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order
木-order.gif

Alternative forms[edit]

  • In Hong Kong and Taiwan, when 木 is at the bottom of a character, it is written as 朩 without a hook instead of 木 itself.

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 75 木

木 (radical 75, 木+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 木 (D), four-corner 40900, composition ⿻十𠆢)

  1. Kangxi radical #75, ⽊.

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 509, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 888, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1149, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+6728

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 木

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 木
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
木-oracle.svg 木-bronze.svg 木-silk.svg 木-seal.svg 木-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (木) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
木 *moːɡ
沐 *moːɡ
朷 *taːw, *moːɡ
蚞 *moːɡ
霂 *moːɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a tree: branches on top, roots on the bottom (more visible in earlier forms).

Etymology[edit]

No known cognate exists. It can perhaps be compared with Proto-Karen *məŋᴮ (“trunk (of a tree); firewood”) (Starostin) or Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔmuk (“stump (of a tree)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

The common Sino-Tibetan root for “tree; wood” is *siŋ ~ sik, represented by 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ba̍k - vernacular;
  • bo̍k - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 木
    Mandarin Beijing /mu⁵¹/
    Harbin /mu⁵³/
    Tianjin /mu⁵³/
    Jinan /mu²¹/
    Qingdao /mu⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /mu²⁴/
    Xi'an /mu²¹/
    Xining /mv̩⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /mu¹³/
    Lanzhou /mu¹³/
    Ürümqi /mu²¹³/
    Wuhan /mu²¹³/
    /moŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /mu³¹/
    /mu¹³/
    Guiyang /mu²¹/
    Kunming /mu³¹/
    Nanjing /muʔ⁵/
    Hefei /məʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /məʔ²/
    Pingyao /mʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /mu⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /moʔ¹/
    Suzhou /moʔ³/
    Hangzhou /moʔ²/
    Wenzhou /mu²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /mɔ²²/
    Tunxi /mo¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /mo²⁴/
    Xiangtan /mo²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /muʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /muk̚¹/
    Taoyuan /muk̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /mok̚²/
    Nanning /muk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /muk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /bɔk̚⁵/
    /bak̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /muʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /mu⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /bak̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /mok̚³/
    /vak̚³/
    Rime
    Character 木
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 屋 (3)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 莫卜切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/muk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/muk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/muk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/məwk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/muk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/muk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/muk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		mù
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 木
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		mù
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ muwk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.mˁok/
    English tree, wood

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 木
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 9327
    Phonetic
    component         		木
    Rime
    group         		屋
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		木
    Old
    Chinese         		/*moːɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    木

    1. † tree
      Synonym: 樹／树 (shù)
      樹木 / 树木  ―  shùmù  ―  tree
    2. wood; timber
      木頭 / 木头  ―  mùtou  ―  log
    3. wooden
      這張桌子是木的。 / 这张桌子是木的。  ―  Zhè zhāng zhuōzǐ shì mù de.  ―  This table is made of wood
    4. simple; plain; slow; emotionless
      木訥 / 木讷  ―  mùnè  ―  plain spoken, slow and inarticulate
    5. † coffin
      棺木  ―  guānmù  ―  coffin
      就木  ―  jiùmù  ―  to die (to enter one's coffin)
    6. (Mandarin, neologism, slang) Eye dialect spelling of 沒.
      有木有  ―  yǒumùyǒu  ―  innit, damn right
    7. numb
      麻木  ―  mámù  ―  numb, insensitive
      她手指凍木了。 / 她手指冻木了。  ―  Tā shǒuzhǐ dòng mù le.  ―  Her fingers were numb with cold.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 木

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (木):
    • → Japanese: 木(もく) (moku); 木(ぼく) (boku)
    • → Korean: 목 (木, mok)
    • → Vietnamese: mộc (木)

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    木

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    木
    き
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling 樹

    ⟨ki2⟩ → */kɨ/ → /ki/

    From Old Japanese 木 (ki2), from Proto-Japonic *kəy. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *ke, whence Southern Amami-Oshima けぃー (kʰɨː), Okinawan きー (kiː), Kunigami きー (kʰiː), Miyako きー (kiː), Yaeyama きー (kiː) and Yonaguni きー (kʰiː).

    Likely developed from fusion of older form 木 (ko, see below) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle), similar to the sound changes at work in 神 (kamu → kami, “Shinto deity”).[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    木(き) • (ki) 

    1. a tree or shrub
    2. wood, timber, lumber
    3. (graph theory, computer science) a tree (data structure)
    4. (theater, sumo, etc.) a clapper used to signal the opening or closing of a match or play
    Idioms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    木
    こ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    ⟨ko2⟩ → */kə/ → /ko/

    From Old Japanese 木 (ko2), from Proto-Japonic *kə.

    Likely the original form of ki above. Obsolete in modern Japanese, never found in isolation; only found in compounds and certain idioms.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    木(こ) • (ko) 

    1. Combining form of 木 (き, ki): tree; wood
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    木
    もく
    Grade: 1
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 木 (MC muk̚). The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the original borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Compare modern Cantonese 木 (muk6).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • (wood grain): 杢

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    木(もく) • (moku) 

    1. a tree
    2. Short for 木曜日 (mokuyōbi): Thursday
    3. wood grain
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    木
    ぼく
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 木 (MC muk̚). The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Compare literary Min Nan 木 (bo̍k).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    木(ぼく) • (boku) 

    1. a tree; more specifically, a living tree
    2. the bent and gnarled trunk or roots of an old tree
    3. wood, lumber
    4. something made of wood
    5. in ancient China, a wooden musical instrument

    Adjective[edit]

    木(ぼく) • (boku) -na (adnominal 木(ぼく)な (boku na), adverbial 木(ぼく)に (boku ni))

    1. (derogatory) wooden, as of a person's character or behavior
    2. (derogatory) wooden, as of a person's mental abilities: blockheaded, stupid, dimwitted
    Inflection[edit]
    Inflection of 木
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 木だろ ぼくだろ boku daro
    Continuative (連用形) 木で ぼくで boku de
    Terminal (終止形) 木だ ぼくだ boku da
    Attributive (連体形) 木な ぼくな boku na
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 木なら ぼくなら boku nara
    Imperative (命令形) 木であれ ぼくであれ boku de are
    Key constructions
    Informal negative 木ではない
    木じゃない         		ぼくではない
    ぼくじゃない         		boku de wa nai
    boku ja nai
    Informal past 木だった ぼくだった boku datta
    Informal negative past 木ではなかった
    木じゃなかった         		ぼくではなかった
    ぼくじゃなかった         		boku de wa nakatta
    boku ja nakatta
    Formal 木です ぼくです boku desu
    Formal negative 木ではありません
    木じゃありません         		ぼくではありません
    ぼくじゃありません         		boku de wa arimasen
    boku ja arimasen
    Formal past 木でした ぼくでした boku deshita
    Formal negative past 木ではありませんでした
    木じゃありませんでした         		ぼくではありませんでした
    ぼくじゃありませんでした         		boku de wa arimasen deshita
    boku ja arimasen deshita
    Conjunctive 木で ぼくで boku de
    Conditional 木なら（ば） ぼくなら（ば） boku nara (ba)
    Provisional 木だったら ぼくだったら boku dattara
    Volitional 木だろう ぼくだろう boku darō
    Adverbial 木に ぼくに boku ni
    Degree 木さ ぼくさ bokusa

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pellard, Thomas (2012), “日琉祖語の分岐年代”, in 琉球諸語と古代日本語に関する比較言語学的研究」ワークショップ‎[1], page 6
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    木 (eumhun 나무 목 (namu mok))

    1. (나무 목, namu-): wood
    2. (as an abbreviation) Thursday

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *kəy. Compare Middle Chinese 紀 (MC kɨX).

    Likely developed from fusion of older form 木 (ko2, see below) + い (i(2), emphatic nominative particle), similar to the sound changes at work in 神 (kamu → kami2, “Shinto deity”).[1]

    Noun[edit]

    木 (ki2) (kana き)

    1. a tree or shrub
    2. wood, timber, lumber
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 木 (ki)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *kə. Compare Middle Chinese 許 (MC hɨʌX).

    Likely the original form of ⟨ki2⟩ above. Never found in isolation.[1]

    Noun[edit]

    木 (ko2) (kana こ)

    1. Combining form of キ乙 (ki2) above
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 木 (ko)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Analysis in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE) shows that this variation of ⟨ki2⟩ is not limited to Eastern dialects.

    Noun[edit]

    木 (ke2) (kana け)

    1. (regional, Northern Eastern Old Japanese, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) Same as キ乙 (ki2) above
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4375), text here
        麻都能氣乃奈美多流美礼波伊波妣等乃和例乎美於久流等多多理之母己呂
        matu no2 ke2 no2 nami1taru mi1reba ipabi1to2 no2 ware wo mi1okuru to2 tatari si moko2ro2
        Looking at the pine trees all in a row, they were just like the people from the household standing to see me off
    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pellard, Thomas (2012), “日琉祖語の分岐年代”, in 琉球諸語と古代日本語に関する比較言語学的研究」ワークショップ‎[2], page 6

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    木: Hán Việt readings: mộc (莫(mạc)卜(bốc)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    木: Nôm readings: mọc[1][2][3][4][5], mốc[1][2][3][4][5], mộc[1][2][3][5], móc[1][3][4][5], mục[3][4][5], chúc[2]

    1. Hán tự form of mộc (“tree; wood”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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