凍

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See also: 冻
凍 U+51CD, 凍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD
← 凌
[U+51CC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凎 →
[U+51CE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 35196, composition ⿰冫東)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese[edit]

trad. 凍
simp. 冻

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs): semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • tàng - vernacular;
  • tòng - literary.
Note:
  • dang3 - vernacular;
  • dong3 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 凍 凍
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 端 (5) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 東 (1) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 德紅切 多貢切
    Baxter tuwng tuwngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/təwŋ/ /təwŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dōng dòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		dung1 dung3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 凍
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dòng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tuwngH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁoŋ-s/
    English freeze

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 凍 凍
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 2441 2447
    Phonetic
    component         		東 東
    Rime
    group         		東 東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		東 涷
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːŋ/ /*toːŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    凍

    1. cold; (of weather) chilly
    2. to freeze
    3. jelly
    4. a surname

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
    Mandarin Beijing 冷
    Taiwan 冷
    Yantai (Muping) 冷
    Jinan 冷
    Luoyang 冷
    Wanrong 冷
    Xi'an 冷
    Yinchuan 冷
    Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
    Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
    Guilin 冷
    Liuzhou 冷, 凊
    Yangzhou 冷
    Hefei 冷
    Singapore 冷
    Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
    Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
    Taishan 冷
    Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
    Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
    Gan Nanchang 冷
    Lichuan 冷
    Hakka Meixian 冷
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
    Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
    Jin Taiyuan 冷
    Min Bei Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
    Min Dong Fuzhou 凊, 凍
    Min Nan Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
    Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Shishi 寒
    Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Zhao'an 寒
    Dongshan 寒
    Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
    Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
    Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
    Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
    Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
    Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
    Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
    Jieyang 凝, 凊
    Singapore (Teochew) 凝
    Wenchang 寒
    Qionghai 寒
    Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
    Wu Shanghai 冷
    Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
    Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
    Danyang 冷
    Hangzhou 冷
    Ningbo 冷
    Wenzhou 冷, 凍
    Lishui 冷
    Jinhua 冷
    Yushan 凊
    Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
    Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • → Old Turkic: dong (frozen)

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    凍

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. frozen

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Related terms[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    凍 (eumhun 얼 동 (eol dong))

    1. Hanja form? of 동 (“freeze”).
    2. Hanja form? of 동 (“cold, congeal”).
    3. Hanja form? of 동 (“jelly”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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