德

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See also: 徳 and 惪
德 U+5FB7, 德
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FB7
← 徶
[U+5FB6] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徸 →
[U+5FB8]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
15 strokes

Han character[edit]

德 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹人十田心 (HOJWP), four-corner 24236, composition ⿰彳𢛳)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 371, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10243
  • Dae Jaweon: page 698, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 841, character 17
  • Unihan data for U+5FB7

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 德
2nd round simp. ⿱一心
alternative forms
 
徳
惪
悳
㥁
恴
徳
惪
悳
㥁
恴
㥀
㤫
𢛳
𢜖
𢠀
𢤊
𨗌
𨗤

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 德
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
置 *tɯɡs
值 *dɯɡs, *dɯɡ
植 *dɯɡs, *djɯɡ
埴 *tʰjɯɡs, *djɯɡ
惪 *tɯːɡ
德 *tɯːɡ
稙 *tɯɡ
淔 *tʰɯɡ
直 *dɯɡ
犆 *dɯɡ
殖 *djɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tɯːɡ): semantic 彳 (“road”) + phonetic 惪 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”). 惪 is corrupted into 𢛳.

Etymology[edit]

“virtue; morality; favour”
An allofam is probably 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also seen as phonetically related to 得 (OC *tɯːɡ, “to obtain”) (Han Feizi[1]; Liu, 1988; Chen & Xu, 1989; Xu & Li 2000; apud Theobald, 2018[2])
“Germany”
Shortening of 德意志 (Déyìzhì), derived from German Deutsch.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 德
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 登 (131)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 多則切
Baxter tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tək̚/
Li
Rong 		/tək̚/
Wang
Li 		/tək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/tək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		de
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 德
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁək/
English virtue

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 德
Reading # 1/1
No. 17266
Phonetic
component 		直
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		德
Old
Chinese 		/*tɯːɡ/

Definitions[edit]

德

  1. virtue; morality; ethics
  2. favor; benevolence; kindness
  3. mind; faith; character
    一心一德  ―  yīxīnyīdé  ―  of one heart and one mind
  4. Short for 德意志 (Déyìzhì, “Germany”).
    德語／德语  ―  déyǔ  ―  German language
    德美關係／德美关系  ―  dé měi guānxì  ―  Germany-United States relations
    德蘇條約／德苏条约  ―  dé sū tiáoyuē  ―  Nazi–Soviet Pact

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 德

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

徳

Kyūjitai

德

Kanji[edit]

德

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 徳)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 徳.

Readings[edit]

  • On (unclassified): とく (toku)
  • Kun: おしえ (oshie)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

德 (eumhun 덕 덕 (deok deok))

  1. Hanja form? of 덕 (“benevolence; virtue”).

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

德: Hán Nôm readings: đức

Noun[edit]

德

  1. chữ Hán form of đức (“virtue; righteousness”).

Proper noun[edit]

德

  1. chữ Hán form of Đức (“Germany”).

Adjective[edit]

德

  1. chữ Hán form of Đức (“German”).
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