矣

矣 U+77E3, 矣 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77E3 ← 矢 [U+77E2] CJK Unified Ideographs 矤 → [U+77E4]

Translingual

Han character

矣 (radical 111, 矢+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈人大 (IOK), four-corner 2343₀, composition ⿱厶矢)

Derived characters

• 俟, 诶, 𠤘, 唉, 埃, 娭, 挨, 涘, 𡱢, 𢈟, 𢏦, 𢓪, 𢚝, 𫘤, 㶼, 㸻, 欸, 逘, 𦮸, 𫞀, 𬂼, 䀵, 竢, 𤶗, 𥏖, 𥒲, 𬭐, 𦩈, 𦩉, 𪠠, 𫆆, 誒, 𬦑, 𥏳, 𨧚, 𨴱, 騃, 𬵖

References

• KangXi: page 823, character 37
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23931
• Dae Jaweon: page 1235, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2580, character 4
• Unihan data for U+77E3

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Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (矣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
唉	*qʰlɯː, *qɯː, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ
埃	*qlɯː
欸	*qɯː, *qʰrɯːs
娭	*qɯː, *qʰlɯ
挨	*qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ
騃	*ŋrɯːʔ, *sɢrɯʔ
俟	*sɢrɯʔ, *ɡlɯl
竢	*sɢrɯʔ
涘	*sɢrɯʔ
誒	*qʰlɯ
矣	*ɢlɯʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢlɯʔ): phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 矢 (“arrow”). 矢 (OC *hliʔ) may also act as a phonetic component.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		矣
alternative forms		𠤘 𢦕 𡗞

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yǐ (yi³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): ji⁵

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): yi⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): í

  (Meixian, Guangdong): i¹

• Min Bei (KCR): ì
• Min Dong (BUC): é
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): í / --i / ì

  (Teochew, Peng'im): in⁷ / i⁷

• Wu (Wiktionary): hhi (T3)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): i³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: yǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˇ
    • Wade–Giles: i3
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yyi
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǐ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ji⁵
    • Yale: yíh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: yi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʒi²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: í
    • Hakka Romanization System: i`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: i³
    • Sinological IPA: /i³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: i¹
    • Sinological IPA: /i⁴⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁴²/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: é
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛi²¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í
    • Tâi-lô: í
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ie
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /i⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /i⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --i
    • Tâi-lô: --i
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ì
    • Tâi-lô: ì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /i²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /i¹¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: in⁷ / i⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: īⁿ / ī
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ĩ¹¹/, /i¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: hhi (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦi²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: i³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɦɨ^X/

Rime
Character	矣
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	于紀切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɨX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɨX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣieX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɨX/
Li Rong	/ɣiəX/
Wang Li	/ɣĭəX/
Bernard Karlgren	/iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qəʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢlɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	矣
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ hiX ›
Old Chinese	/*qəʔ/ (atonic)
English	(final particle)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	矣
Reading #	1/1
No.	14950
Phonetic component	矣
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	矣
Old Chinese	/*ɢlɯʔ/
Notes	說文以聲，金文從丩矢或爲矢聲

Definitions

矣

1. (literary) Particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin.
2. (literary) Particle expressing exclamation, similar to 啦 (la) in Standard Mandarin.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 了 (“perfective particle”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		矣1
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		了
Mandarin	Beijing	了
	Taiwan	了
	Malaysia	了
	Singapore	了
Cantonese	Guangzhou	咗
	Hong Kong	咗
	Taishan	敢, 啊
	Singapore	咗
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	了
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	了
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	了
	Dongshi (Dabu)	了
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	了
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	矣2
Min Nan	Xiamen	矣2, 啦, 咯
	Quanzhou	矣2, 咯
	Zhangzhou	矣2
	Taipei	矣2, 啦
	Penang (Hokkien)	了
	Singapore (Hokkien)	了
	Philippines (Manila Hokkien)	咯
	Chaozhou	囉
	Shantou	囉
	Singapore (Teochew)	了, 囉
	Wenchang	囉
Wu	Shanghai	仔, 了
	Wenzhou	罷, 爻

Compounds

• 久矣
• 何彼襛矣
• 吾道東矣／吾道东矣
• 大事去矣
• 已矣

• 悔之晚矣 (huǐ zhī wǎn yǐ)
• 方寸亂矣／方寸乱矣
• 早聞道，夕死可矣／早闻道，夕死可矣 (zǎo wén dào, xī sǐ kě yǐ)
• 朝聞道，夕死可矣／朝闻道，夕死可矣 (zhāo wén dào, xī sǐ kě yǐ)

• 皇矣
• 瞠乎後矣／瞠乎后矣
• 瞻彼洛矣
• 耳矣

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.		矣
alternative forms		啊

Pronunciation

• Min Nan (POJ): --a / --ah

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• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --a
    • Tâi-lô: --a
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --ah
    • Tâi-lô: --ah

Definitions

矣

1. (Hokkien, Yunlin Hakka) Particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin.

   我食飽矣 / 我食饱矣 [Taiwanese]  ―  Góa chia̍h-pá--ah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  I have eaten. / I am now full.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 了 (“perfective particle”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		矣1
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		了
Mandarin	Beijing	了
	Taiwan	了
	Malaysia	了
	Singapore	了
Cantonese	Guangzhou	咗
	Hong Kong	咗
	Taishan	敢, 啊
	Singapore	咗
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	了
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	了
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	了
	Dongshi (Dabu)	了
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	了
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	矣2
Min Nan	Xiamen	矣2, 啦, 咯
	Quanzhou	矣2, 咯
	Zhangzhou	矣2
	Taipei	矣2, 啦
	Penang (Hokkien)	了
	Singapore (Hokkien)	了
	Philippines (Manila Hokkien)	咯
	Chaozhou	囉
	Shantou	囉
	Singapore (Teochew)	了, 囉
	Wenchang	囉
Wu	Shanghai	仔, 了
	Wenzhou	罷, 爻

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.		矣

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xián (xian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xián
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
    • Wade–Giles: hsien2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sián
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɛn³⁵/

Definitions

矣

1. ^† Transcription of the word for rhinoceros in a language used in ancient Yunnan.

   • 犀謂之矣（讀如咸）。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     犀谓之矣（读如咸）。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Tang Dynasty, Fan Chuo, Manshu, chapter 8

     Xī wèi zhī xián (dú rú xián). [Pinyin]

     Rhinoceroses are known as 矣 (read as 咸).

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Japanese

Kanji

矣

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. sentence particle

Readings

• On (unclassified): い (i)

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Korean

Hanja

矣 • (ui) (hangeul 의, revised ui, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, Yale uy)

1. particle of completed action

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Vietnamese

Han character

矣 (hỉ, hở, hỹ, hẻ, hĩ, hơi)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.