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咸

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 或, 鹹, and 㖅
咸 U+54B8, 咸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-54B8
← 咷
[U+54B7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 咹 →
[U+54B9]

Translingual

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Han character

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咸 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹一口 (IHMR), four-corner 53200, composition ⿵戌口 or ⿵戊𠮛)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 187, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3563
  • Dae Jaweon: page 406, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1404, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+54B8

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 咸
alternative forms 冚 Cantonese “all; entire”

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 咸
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
感 *kɯːmʔ
鱤 *kɯːmʔ
顑 *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms
轗 *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms
撼 *ɡɯːmʔ
憾 *ɡɯːms
喊 *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘 *krɯːm
瑊 *krɯːm, *kjum
黬 *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm
減 *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
羬 *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram
麙 *ŋɡrɯːm
咸 *ɡrɯːm
鹹 *ɡrɯːm
醎 *ɡrɯːm
諴 *ɡrɯːm
椷 *ɡrɯːm
輱 *ɡrɯːm
鍼 *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm
箴 *kjɯm
葴 *kjɯm
鱵 *kjum

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 戌 (“ax”) + 口 — to terminate. The 口 is a distinguishing mark. Later borrowed to mean "all".[字源 1]

Other explanations include shouting together with a spear in front of the battlefield, implying everyone; alternatively, to cut off one's head with an ax, depriving them of all they have; alternatively, to break a pot with an ax.

For etymology 2, simplified from 鹹 (elimination of 鹵).

References

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  1. ^ 張世超、孫凌安、金国泰、馬如森 『金文形義通解』 中文出版社、1996年、177-179頁。
    林志強等評注 『《文源》評注』 中国社会科学出版社、2017年、421頁。

Etymology 1

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Compare Khmer ព្រម (prɔɔm, “to agree; to go along with; together”) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 咸
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 咸 (151)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡讒切
Baxter heam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠɛm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚæm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɐm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəɨm/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɐm/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɐm/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		haam4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 咸
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xián
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hɛm ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁr[ə]m/
English all; everywhere

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 咸
Reading # 1/1
No. 13515
Phonetic
component 		咸
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		咸
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡrɯːm/
Notes 從口從戌會刺口之意，
鹹初文

Definitions

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咸

  1. (literary) all; completely
    老少咸宜  ―  lǎoshàoxiányí  ―  to be suitable for both the old and the young
  2. (obsolete) together
  3. (literary) united; in harmony
    alt. forms: 諴 / 𫍯
  4. (literary) common; widespread
  5. (obsolete) to finish; to terminate
  6. 31st hexagram of the I Ching
  7. a surname

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 整 (“whole; entire”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 整
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 整
Malaysia 整
Singapore 整
Cantonese Guangzhou 成, 冚
Hong Kong 成, 冚
Taishan 成
Singapore (Guangfu) 成, 冚
Hakka Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 成
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 規
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 規
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 規
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 規
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 規
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 規
Southern Min Xiamen 規, 規圇, 交圇
Xiamen (Tong'an) 規, 規圇, 交圇
Quanzhou 規, 交圇
Zhangzhou 規, 規尼, 間尼, 交圇
Tainan 規
Penang (Hokkien) 規
Singapore (Hokkien) 規
Manila (Hokkien) 規
Chaozhou 夠, 咸, 交圇
Jieyang 夠, 咸
Singapore (Teochew) 夠
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 成

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 鹹 (“salty; briny; stingy; miserly; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 鹹).
Notes:

Usage notes

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Often used in place of 鹹 (“salty”) in Hong Kong, even though 鹹 is the traditional Chinese character.

Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 冚 (“(Cantonese) entire”).
(This character is a variant form of 冚).

Japanese

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Kanji

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咸

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. all

Readings

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References

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Korean

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Hanja

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咸 (eum 함 (ham))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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咸: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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