讒

See also: 䜛 and 谗

讒	U+8B92, 讒 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B92

← 讑
[U+8B91]

CJK Unified Ideographs

讓 →
[U+8B93]

Translingual

Chinese

trad.		讒
simp.		谗
alternative forms		䜛 ⿰訁兔／⿰讠兔𲁰

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (毚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
纔	zlɯː, zlɯːs, *sraːm
讒	zrɯːm, zraːms
饞	*zrɯːm
毚	zrɯːm, zraːm
欃	zrɯːm, zraːms
攙	zrɯːm, sʰraːm
儳	zrɯːm, zrɯːms, *sʰraːms
酁	*zrɯːm
瀺	*zrɯːmʔ
嚵	sʰraːms, zraːm, *zlamʔ
巉	zraːm, zraːmʔ
劖	*zraːm
艬	zraːm, zraːms
鑱	zraːm, zraːms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯːm, *zraːms) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 毚 (OC *zrɯːm, *zraːm)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chán (chan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): caam⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhâm / châm

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chán
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chán
  - Wade–Giles: chʻan²
  - Yale: chán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charn
  - Palladius: чань (čanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: caam⁴
  - Yale: chàahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: cam⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaːm²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhâm / châm
  - Tâi-lô: tshâm / tsâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zhaam, zaam
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam²⁴/, /t͡sam²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam²⁴/, /t͡sam²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam¹³/, /t͡sam¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam²⁴/, /t͡sam²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²³/, /t͡sam²³/

Middle Chinese: dzream, dzraemH

Rime
Character	讒	讒
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	崇 (20)	崇 (20)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	士咸切	士懺切
Baxter	dzream	dzraemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʒˠɛm/	/d͡ʒˠam^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖ͡ʐᵚæm/	/ɖ͡ʐᵚam^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʒɐm/	/d͡ʒam^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖ͡ʐəɨm/	/ɖ͡ʐaɨm^H/
Li Rong	/d͡ʒɐm/	/d͡ʒam^H/
Wang Li	/d͡ʒɐm/	/d͡ʒam^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɖ͡ʐʱăm/	/ɖ͡ʐʱam^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chán	zhàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam⁴	zaam⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*zrɯːm/, /*zraːms/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	讒	讒
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	1221	1242
Phonetic component	毚	毚
Rime group	侵	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	讒	鑱
Old Chinese	/*zrɯːm/	/*zraːms/

Definitions

讒

to slander; to defame; to vilify; to speak maliciously of others
- 「我的心肝，你說的是，咱們讒他兩個。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  「我的心肝，你说的是，咱们谗他两个。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18^th century CE
  “wǒ de xīngān, nǐ shuōdeshì, zánmen chán tā liǎng ge.” [Pinyin]
  "My dear, you are right indeed, let's slander them both."
slander; defamation; libel
- 只說這王摩被四個弟兄獻讒趕逐，一時忿氣，奔下山來。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  只说这王摩被四个弟兄献谗赶逐，一时忿气，奔下山来。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: 青蓮室主人, 《後水滸傳》 (The Later Story of Water Margin), 17^th century CE
  Zhǐ shuō zhè Wángmó bèi sì ge dìxiōng xiàn chán gǎnzhú, yīshí fènqì, bēn xiàshān lái. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 讒人高張，賢士無名。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  谗人高张，贤士无名。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Chán rén gāo zhāng, xiánshì wúmíng. [Pinyin]
  The people who commit slander loudly prevail, the virtuous hide in obscurity.
- 君子信讒，如或醻之。君子不惠、不舒究之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君子信谗，如或酬之。君子不惠、不舒究之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Jūnzǐ xìn chán, rú huò shòu zhī. Jūnzǐ bù huì, bù shū jiū zhī. [Pinyin]
  Our sovereign believes slanders,
  as readily as he joins in the pledge cup.
  Our sovereign is unkind,
  And does not leisurely examine into things.
^† slanderer
- 去讒遠色，賤貨而貴德，所以勸賢也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  去谗远色，贱货而贵德，所以劝贤也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Qù chán yuǎn sè, jiàn huò ér guì dé, suǒ yǐ quàn xián yě. [Pinyin]
  Discarding slanderers, and keeping himself from the seductions of beauty; making light of riches, and giving honour to virtue — this is the way for him to encourage men of worth and talents.
- 是以中外不通，讒慝不生，婦言不及官中之事。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  是以中外不通，谗慝不生，妇言不及官中之事。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Guanzi, 5^th century BCE to 220 CE
  Shì yǐ zhōngwài bùtōng, chán tè bù shēng, fù yán bùjí guān zhōng zhī shì. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (讒):

→ Japanese: 讒(ざん) (zan)
→ Korean: 참(讒) (cham)
→ Vietnamese: sàm (讒)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

讒

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ぜん (zen)^{←ぜむ (zemu, historical)}
Kan-on: さん (san)^{←さむ (samu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
Kun: そしる (soshiru, 讒る)、いつわる (itsuwaru)、よこしま (yokoshima)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
讒
ざん Hyōgai
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 讒 (MC dzream|dzraemH).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ざん [záꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [d͡zã̠ɴ]

Noun

讒(ざん) • (zan)

false charge; slander; defamation

Derived terms

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 讒 (MC dzream|dzraemH). Recorded as Middle Korean 참 (cham) (Yale: cham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

讒 (eumhun 참소할 참 (chamsohal cham))

hanja form^? of 참 (“to slander”)

Compounds

참구 (讒口, chamgu)
참구 (讒構, chamgu)
참기 (讒譏, chamgi)
참녕 (讒佞, chamnyeong)
참무 (讒誣, chammu)
참방 (讒謗, chambang)
참부 (讒夫, chambu)
참설 (讒舌, chamseol)
참설 (讒說, chamseol)
참소 (讒訴, chamso)
참신 (讒臣, chamsin)
참언 (讒言, chameon)
참인 (讒人, chamin)
참자 (讒者, chamja)
참주 (讒奏, chamju)
참질 (讒嫉, chamjil)
참첨 (讒諂, chamcheom)
참투 (讒妬, chamtu)
참함 (讒陷, chamham)
참훼 (讒毁, chamhwe)
기참 (譏讒, gicham)
무참 (誣讒, mucham)
청참 (聽讒, cheongcham)
훼참 (毁讒, hwecham)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

讒: Hán Việt readings: sàm (士(sĩ)咸(hàm)切(thiết))^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5], gièm^[4]
讒: Nôm readings: gièm^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6], sàm^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[6], xàm^[3]^[7]^[5]^[6], sòm^[3]^[7]^[4], sờm^[1]^[3], sồm^[3], sóm^[4]

chữ Hán form of sàm (“to slander”).
Nôm form of gièm (“to slander”).
Nôm form of xàm (“to chatter; to prattle”).

Compounds

讒謗 (sàm báng)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 Trần (2004).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Bonet (1899).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Génibrel (1898).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Hồ (1976).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[tdcndg-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-3] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 Trần (2004).

[bonet-5] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-6] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-7] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[btcn-8] 7.0 ^7.1 Hồ (1976).

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[3]

[4]

[5]

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讒

Contents

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Related characters

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Pronunciation

Definitions

Descendants

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

References

Korean

Etymology

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

Compounds

References

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讒

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Related characters

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Pronunciation

Definitions

Descendants

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

References

Korean

Etymology

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

Compounds

References

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