鹹

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See also: 醎 and 咸
鹹 U+9E79, 鹹
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9E79
← 鹸
[U+9E78] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 鹺 →
[U+9E7A]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

鹹 (radical 197, 鹵+9, 20 strokes, cangjie input 卜田戈竹口 (YWIHR), four-corner 23650, composition ⿰鹵咸)

Related characters[edit]

  • 咸 – simplified to an existing character.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1507, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47553
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2035, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4610, character 19
  • Unihan data for U+9E79

Chinese[edit]

trad. 鹹
simp. 咸*
alternative forms 醎

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
感 *kɯːmʔ
鱤 *kɯːmʔ
顑 *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms
轗 *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms
撼 *ɡɯːmʔ
憾 *ɡɯːms
喊 *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘 *krɯːm
瑊 *krɯːm, *kjum
黬 *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm
減 *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
羬 *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram
麙 *ŋɡrɯːm
咸 *ɡrɯːm
鹹 *ɡrɯːm
醎 *ɡrɯːm
諴 *ɡrɯːm
椷 *ɡrɯːm
輱 *ɡrɯːm
鍼 *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm
箴 *kjɯm
葴 *kjɯm
鱵 *kjum

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡrɯːm): semantic 鹵 (“salt”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hjam (“salty”) or *g-rjum (“salt”); compare Chepang ल्‍हाम्‌सा (hlam‑, “salty (not excessively)”), Jingpho jum (“salt”) (STEDT).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • gèng - vernacular;
  • hàng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • kiâm - vernacular;
    • hâm - literary.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 3hhe - vernacular;
    • 3hhi - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 鹹
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕian³⁵/
    Harbin /ɕian²⁴/
    Tianjin /ɕian⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ɕiã⁴²/
    Qingdao /ɕiã⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ɕian⁴²/
    Xi'an /ɕiã²⁴/ ～陽
    /xã²⁴/ ～菜
    Xining /ɕiã²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ɕian⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ɕiɛ̃n⁵³/
    /xɛ̃n⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ɕian⁵¹/
    /xan⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ɕiɛn²¹³/
    Chengdu /xan³¹/
    Guiyang /ɕian²¹/
    Kunming /ɕiɛ̃³¹/
    Nanjing /ɕien²⁴/
    Hefei /ɕiĩ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕie¹¹/
    Pingyao /ɕiɑŋ¹³/ ～阳
    /xɑŋ¹³/ ～菜
    Hohhot /ɕie³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦe²³/
    Suzhou /ɦiɪ¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
    Wenzhou /ɦa³¹/
    Hui Shexian /ɕie⁴⁴/
    /xɛ⁴⁴/ ～鹽
    Tunxi /xɔ⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /xan¹³/ ～魚
    Xiangtan /ɦan¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /han²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /ham¹¹/
    Taoyuan /hɑm¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ham²¹/
    Nanning /ham²¹/
    Hong Kong /ham²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ham³⁵/
    /kiam³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kɛiŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /aŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ham⁵⁵/
    /kiam⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ham³¹/
    Rime
    Character 鹹
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 咸 (151)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 胡讒切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠɛm/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦᵚæm/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɐm/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦəɨm/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɐm/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɐm/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣăm/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xián
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 鹹
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xián
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hɛm ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə.[ɡ]ˁr[o]m/
    English salty

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 鹹
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 13516
    Phonetic
    component         		咸
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		咸
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡrɯːm/
    Notes 鹹轉註字

    Definitions[edit]

    鹹

    1. salty; briny
    2. salted
    3. (Min Nan) stingy; miserly
    4. (Cantonese) Short for 鹹濕／咸湿 (haam4 sap1, “erotic; pornographic”).

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 吝嗇 (“stingy; miserly”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 吝, 嗇, 慳, 吝嗇, 慳吝
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 吝嗇, 小氣, 慳吝
    Mandarin Beijing 摳兒, 摳, 摳門兒, 小摳兒, 死摳兒, 摳搜, 摳唆, 嗇刻
    Tianjin 摳兒, 摳門兒, 摳唆, 死摳兒
    Langfang 摳
    Tangshan 摳吸
    Cangzhou 摳兒
    Baoding 摳
    Shijiazhuang 摳, 不出血
    Daming 老摳兒
    Harbin 摳, 摳門兒, 小摳兒, 摳搜, 小氣, 夾夾咕咕
    Jinan 摳, 摳門兒, 小氣
    Muping 摳, 摳搜
    Luoyang 摳唆, 小氣, 吝嗇
    Wanrong 摳, 小氣
    Xi'an 摳, 小氣
    Xining 摳, 摳皮, 小氣
    Xuzhou 搜, 摳, 搜摳兒, 搜摳, 搜屄摳兒, 薄氣
    Yinchuan 摳搜, 薄嗇, 嗇, 小氣
    Lanzhou 摳搜, 嗇皮, 小氣
    Ürümqi 摳, 摳搜, 嗇皮, 小氣
    Wuhan 摳, 慳, 小氣
    Chengdu 摳, 小氣, 苟, 嗇
    Guiyang 摳, 夾摳, 夾殼, 小氣
    Liuzhou 摳, 小氣
    Kunming 小氣, 秀, 秀氣郎當
    Yangzhou 摳, 小氣, 嗇掐, 嗇苛, 嗇, 吝嗇
    Nanjing 摳, 嗇, 小氣
    Nantong 小氣, 嗇掐
    Singapore 吝嗇
    Cantonese Guangzhou 孤寒, 慳濕, 鐸叔
    Hong Kong 孤寒, 鐸叔
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 孤寒
    Macau 孤寒
    Panyu 孤寒
    Huadu (Huashan) 孤寒
    Conghua 孤寒
    Zengcheng 孤寒
    Foshan 孤寒
    Nanhai (Shatou) 孤寒
    Shunde 孤寒
    Sanshui 孤寒
    Gaoming (Mingcheng) 孤寒
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 孤寒
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 孤寒
    Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 孤寒
    Doumen 孤寒
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 孤寒
    Xinhui 孤寒
    Taishan 孤寒
    Kaiping (Chikan) 孤寒
    Enping (Niujiang) 耳屎, 孤寒
    Heshan (Yayao) 孤寒
    Dongguan 孤寒, 縮骨
    Bao'an (Shajing) 孤寒
    Gan Nanchang 嗇, 小氣
    Lichuan 慳吝, 小氣
    Pingxiang 肋嗇, 嗇魔, 小氣
    Hakka Meixian 齧, 齧察, 歪, 孤寒
    Xingning 歪
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 孤寒
    Huidong (Daling) 小氣, 孤寒
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 孤寒
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 孤寒
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 孤寒
    Qujiang 孤寒
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 孤寒
    Changting 癄
    Pingyu 歪, 齧察
    Wuping 齧
    Ninghua 精
    Yudu 小氣, 小相
    Ruijin 小氣
    Shangyou 精, 小氣
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 齧, 齧察, 鹹合澀, 鹹澀
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 齧, 齧察, 齧唧, 鹹合澀, 鹹澀
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 齧, 齧察, 齧合澀, 澀齧
    Dongshi (Dabu) 齧, 齧察, 鹹合澀
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 齧察, 齧合澀
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 硞, 虯, 鹹合澀
    Huizhou Jixi 小毛, 小氣, 小鬼
    Jin Taiyuan 小氣, 摳索
    Xinzhou 小氣
    Zhangjiakou 摳門兒
    Handan 小氣
    Min Bei Jian'ou 嗇鄙
    Songxi 小氣
    Zhenghe 嗇鄙
    Jianyang 嗇鄙
    Wuyishan 嗇
    Shibei 嗇
    Min Dong Fuzhou 貽順, 奸狡, 奸狡利
    Fuqing 小氣, 𣍐捨, 奸小利
    Min Nan Xiamen 枵鬼, 譴相, 小鄙臉, 貓, 貓神, 貓𡳞, 貓潲, 㾀屎, 鹹, 澀, 鹹澀, 鹹掛澀, 雞孫, 凍霜, 攝屎, 鄙釐, 虯, 竭, 𣍐做儂
    Quanzhou 枵鬼, 譴相, 貓, 貓𡳞, 貓潲, 㾀屎, 鹹, 澀, 鹹澀, 鹹掛澀, 雞孫, 捻𡳞, 捻, 鄙釐, 虯, 𣍐做儂
    Zhangzhou 枵鬼, 小鬼臉, 㾀屎庀, 鹹, 澀, 鹹澀, 鹹澀韌, 蟯, 蟯鬼, 蟯疕, 桶庀, 鄙釐, 毛絲, 虯, 𣍐做儂, 雞攝膣, 攝雞膣, 攝屎, 𠢕儉
    Zhangpu 枝釐
    Yunxiao 夾絲
    Taipei 牛螕, 凍霜, 鹹澀
    Kaohsiung 牛螕, 凍霜, 鹹澀, 硞
    Tainan 虯, 苛頭, 凍霜, 硞, 鹹澀
    Taichung 凍霜, 硞, 硞仔頭
    Wuqi 凍霜
    Hsinchu 凍霜, 鹹澀, 㾀屎, 鹹
    Taitung 凍霜
    Lukang 虯, 凍霜, 硞, 鹹澀
    Sanxia 牛螕, 苛頭, 凍霜, 鹹澀
    Yilan 凍霜, 貓筩, 鹹澀, 虯
    Kinmen 凍霜, 孤霜, 鹹澀
    Magong 凍霜, 孤霜, 鹹澀, 牛螕, 虯
    Penang (Hokkien) 鹹澀, 鹹
    Singapore (Hokkien) 枵鬼, 貓, 鹹, 澀, 鹹澀, 鹹掛澀, 貓潲, 貓𡳞, 㾀屎
    Datian 澀鼻
    Chaozhou 鹹澀
    Shantou 鹹澀
    Singapore (Teochew) 鹹澀, 貓
    Haikou 鹹澀
    Leizhou 刺麻
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 孤寒
    Sanxiang 孤寒, 孽屎
    Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 小氣, 小相
    Wu Shanghai 小氣, 密屑, 賅刁, 摳, 刮皮, 酷, 刁
    Suzhou 小氣, 掐
    Wuxi 小氣, 嗇
    Hangzhou 小氣
    Wenzhou 小氣, 吃不得
    Chongming 小氣
    Danyang 嗇掐, 小氣
    Jinhua 小氣, 刻嗇, 貓涴
    Ningbo 小氣, 刮皮
    Xiang Changsha 小氣, 摳, 下
    Loudi 小相

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • → Southwestern Tai: *ɡemᴬ

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    鹹

    (uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

    1. salty

    Readings[edit]

    • On (unclassified): かん (kan)
    • Kun: しおからい (shiokarai), しおけ (shioke)

    Compounds[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    鹹 • (ham) (hangeul 함, revised ham, McCune–Reischauer ham, Yale ham)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    鹹 (hàm)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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