奸

See also: 姦 and 歼

奸 U+5978, 奸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5978 ← 奷 [U+5977] CJK Unified Ideographs 她 → [U+5979]

Translingual

Han character

奸 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女一十 (VMJ), four-corner 4144₀, composition ⿰女干)

Derived characters

• 𪥻 𫰸 𫱅 𫱸 𡋖

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 255, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6045
• Dae Jaweon: page 518, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 1
• Unihan data for U+5978

Chinese

trad.		奸/姦*
simp.		奸

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
訐	*krads, *krads, *ked, *kad
肝	*kaːn
竿	*kaːn
干	*kaːn
奸	*kaːn
玕	*kaːn
汗	*kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀	*kaːn
忓	*kaːn, *ɡaːns
鳱	*kaːn
邗	*kaːn, *ɡaːn
秆	*kaːnʔ
矸	*kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠	*kaːnʔ
皯	*kaːnʔ
衦	*kaːnʔ
簳	*kaːnʔ
擀	*kaːnʔ
旰	*kaːns
盰	*kaːns
幹	*kaːns
杆	*kaːns
骭	*kaːns, *ɡraːns
桿	*kaːnʔ
趕	*kaːnʔ
稈	*kaːnʔ
刊	*kʰaːn
靬	*kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan
衎	*kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns
犴	*ŋaːn, *ŋaːns
豻	*ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇	*ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸	*ŋɡaːns
鼾	*qʰaːn, *ɢaːns
罕	*qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns
焊	*qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns
蔊	*qʰaːnʔ
虷	*ɡaːn
旱	*ɡaːnʔ
皔	*ɡaːnʔ
釬	*ɡaːns
扞	*ɡaːns
閈	*ɡaːns
馯	*ɡaːns, *kʰraːn
捍	*ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ
悍	*ɡaːns
銲	*ɡaːns
垾	*ɡaːns
駻	*ɡaːns
睅	*ɡʷranʔ
娨	*ɡraːns
飦	*kan
赶	*ɡan, *ɡʷad
軒	*qʰan
蓒	*qʰan
酐	*qʰaːŋʔ
澣	*ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːn): semantic 女 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

Etymology 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân

  (Hailu, HRS): gan^ˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): găng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kan

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ke; ¹ci

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jian
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹
    • Yale: jyān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaan¹
    • Yale: gāan
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gan¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
    • Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
    • Hakka Romanization System: gian^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gan^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /kan⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gang¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
    • Tâi-lô: kan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹ke; ¹ci
    • MiniDict: ke^平; ci^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ke; ¹ji
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke⁵³/, /t͡ɕi⁵³/

Note:

• 1ke - vernacular;
• 1ji - literary.

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 奸 – see 姦 (“evil; wicked; treacherous; evildoer; treacherous person; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 姦).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Compounds

• 以售其奸
• 作奸犯科 (zuòjiānfànkē)
• 元惡大奸
• 內奸 (nèijiān)
• 剗惡除奸 / 刬恶除奸
• 剪惡除奸
• 呆裡撒奸
• 大奸
• 大奸似忠
• 奸人 (jiānrén)
• 奸佞 (jiānnìng)
• 奸俏
• 奸刁
• 奸同鬼蜮
• 奸商 (jiānshāng)
• 奸夫 (jiānfū)
• 奸宄 (jiānguǐ)
• 奸巧
• 奸徒
• 奸慝
• 奸棍
• 奸毒
• 奸民 (jiānmín)
• 奸汙 (jiānwū)
• 奸淫 (jiānyín)
• 奸滑
• 奸狡
• 奸猾 (jiānhuá)
• 奸笑 (jiānxiào)
• 奸細 (jiānxì)
• 奸胥猾吏
• 奸臣 (jiānchén)
• 奸言
• 奸計 (jiānjì)
• 奸詐 (jiānzhà)
• 奸詐不級 / 奸诈不级
• 奸賊 (jiānzéi)
• 奸邪 (jiānxié)
• 奸長
• 奸險 (jiānxiǎn)
• 奸雄 (jiānxióng)
• 奸頑
• 奸騙
• 奸黠
• 奸黨 (jiāndǎng)
• 姑息養奸
• 捉奸捉雙
• 捉奸見床
• 捉奸見雙 / 捉奸见双
• 揣奸把猾
• 摘奸發伏
• 擒奸摘伏
• 擿奸發伏
• 朋奸
• 朋比作奸
• 朋比為奸 (péngbǐwéijiān)
• 洞察其奸
• 洞燭其奸
• 深奸巨猾
• 漢奸 (hànjiān)
• 犯奸
• 狼狽為奸 / 狼狈为奸 (lángbèiwéijiān)
• 發奸摘隱 / 发奸摘隐
• 發奸擿伏
• 祛蠹除奸
• 私心藏奸
• 老奸巨猾 (lǎojiānjùhuá)
• 耍奸 (shuǎjiān)
• 肆奸植黨
• 藏奸 (cángjiān)
• 行奸賣俏
• 詐奸不及
• 賣俏營奸 / 卖俏营奸
• 賣俏迎奸
• 賣奸
• 賢奸倒置
• 通奸 (tōngjiān)
• 鋤奸 (chújiān)
• 除奸

Etymology 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gān (gan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gon¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gān
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gan
    • Wade–Giles: kan¹
    • Yale: gān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
    • Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gon¹
    • Yale: gōn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gon¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːn⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kan

Rime
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古寒切
Baxter	kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan/
Li Rong	/kɑn/
Wang Li	/kɑn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gān
Middle Chinese	‹ kan ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁa[r]/
English	treacherous
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
No.	3571
Phonetic component	干
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	干
Old Chinese	/*kaːn/

Definitions

奸

1. (archaic) to offend; to mistreat; to encroach on; alternative form of 干 (gān)

Compounds

• 奸命
• 奸犯
• 奸絕
• 奸蘭
• 奸説
• 相奸 (xiānggān)
• 闇奸

References

• “奸”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “奸”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 211.

Japanese

Alternative forms

• 姦, 姧

Kanji

奸

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: かん (kan)、けん (ken)
• Kan-on: かん (kan)
• Kun: おかす (okasu, 奸す)、あし (ashi, 奸し)、わるい (warui, 奸い)、よこしま (yokoshima, 奸)

Compounds

• 奸悪(かんあく) (kan'aku)
• 奸黠(かんかつ) (kankatsu)
• 漢奸(かんかん) (kankan)
• 奸譎(かんきつ) (kankitsu)
• 奸曲(かんきょく) (kankyoku)
• 奸計(かんけい) (kankei)
• 奸譎(かんけつ) (kanketsu)
• 奸詐(かんさ) (kansa)
• 奸才(かんさい) (kansai)
• 奸策(かんさく) (kansaku)
• 奸邪(かんじゃ) (kanja)
• 奸商(かんしょう) (kanshō)
• 奸心(かんしん) (kanshin)
• 奸臣(かんしん) (kanshin)
• 奸人(かんじん) (kanjin)
• 奸賊(かんぞく) (kanzoku)
• 奸智(かんち) (kanchi), 奸知(かんち) (kanchi)
• 奸徒(かんと) (kanto)
• 奸盗(かんとう) (kantō)
• 奸匿(かんとく) (kantoku), 奸匿(かんちょく) (kanchoku)
• 奸佞(かんねい) (kannei)
• 奸婦(かんぷ) (kanpu)
• 奸物(かんぶつ) (kanbutsu)
• 奸謀(かんぼう) (kanbō)
• 奸雄(かんゆう) (kan'yū)
• 斬奸(ざんかん) (zankan)
• 大奸(たいかん) (taikan)

Kanji in this term
奸
かん Hyōgai
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 奸 (MC kan).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Adjective

奸(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 奸(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 奸(かん)に (kan ni))

1. wicked

Inflection

Inflection of 奸

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	奸だろ	かんだろ	kan daro
Continuative (連用形)	奸で	かんで	kan de
Terminal (終止形)	奸だ	かんだ	kan da
Attributive (連体形)	奸な	かんな	kan na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	奸なら	かんなら	kan nara
Imperative (命令形)	奸であれ	かんであれ	kan de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	奸ではない 奸じゃない	かんではない かんじゃない	kan de wa nai kan ja nai
Informal past	奸だった	かんだった	kan datta
Informal negative past	奸ではなかった 奸じゃなかった	かんではなかった かんじゃなかった	kan de wa nakatta kan ja nakatta
Formal	奸です	かんです	kan desu
Formal negative	奸ではありません 奸じゃありません	かんではありません かんじゃありません	kan de wa arimasen kan ja arimasen
Formal past	奸でした	かんでした	kan deshita
Formal negative past	奸ではありませんでした 奸じゃありませんでした	かんではありませんでした かんじゃありませんでした	kan de wa arimasen deshita kan ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	奸で	かんで	kan de
Conditional	奸なら（ば）	かんなら（ば）	kan nara (ba)
Provisional	奸だったら	かんだったら	kan dattara
Volitional	奸だろう	かんだろう	kan darō
Adverbial	奸に	かんに	kan ni
Degree	奸さ	かんさ	kansa

Noun

奸(かん) • (kan) 

1. evil, wickedness

   Antonyms: 義(ぎ) (gi, “justice”)

2. wicked person

Korean

Hanja

奸 (eumhun 간사할 간 (gansahal gan))
奸 (eumhun 범할 간 (beomhal gan))

1. hanja form^? of 간 (“evil, wicked”)

Compounds

• 간계 (奸計, gan'gye, “evil plot/scheme”)
• 간교 (奸巧, gan'gyo, “cunningness”)
• 간사 (奸邪, gansa, “deceit”)
• 간악 (奸惡, ganak, “wickedness”)

References

• Naver Hanja Dictionary: 奸
• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]