寒

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寒 U+5BD2, 寒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BD2
← 寑
[U+5BD1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 寓 →
[U+5BD3]
See also: 寨

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

寒 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 289, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
  • Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5BD2

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 寒
alternative forms 𡫾
𡫜
𡫮

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 寒
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (寒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寒 *ɡaːn
蹇 *kranʔ, *kanʔ
謇 *kranʔ
搴 *kranʔ, *kʰran
藆 *kranʔ
騫 *kʰran
褰 *kʰran
攐 *kʰran
鑳 *ɡranʔ
寋 *ɡanʔ
鶱 *qʰan

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.

Contrast 宿.

Etymology[edit]

Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
  • gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • hân - literary;
    • kôaⁿ - vernacular;
    • gân - vernacular (俗).
    Note:
    • hang5 - literary;
    • guan5 - vernacular.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 寒
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 寒 (61)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 胡安切
    Baxter han
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɑn/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦɑn/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɑn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦan/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɑn/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɑn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣɑn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hán
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hon4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 寒
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hán
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ han ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[n]/
    English cold

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 寒
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4870
    Phonetic
    component         		寒
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		寒
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaːn/

    Definitions[edit]

    寒

    1. cold; wintry; chilly
    2. poor; poverty-stricken
    3. humble; petty and low
    4. desolate; deserted
    5. dreary; miserable
    6. withered; limp
    7. (humble) my
      寒舍  ―  hánshè  ―  (one's own) humble home
    8. to feel cold
    9. to fear; to dread
    10. winter
    11. cold weather; cold day or night
    12. (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
    13. (～日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (cold): 冷 (lěng)
    Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
    Mandarin Beijing 冷
    Taiwan 冷
    Yantai (Muping) 冷
    Jinan 冷
    Luoyang 冷
    Wanrong 冷
    Xi'an 冷
    Yinchuan 冷
    Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
    Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
    Guilin 冷
    Liuzhou 冷, 凊
    Yangzhou 冷
    Hefei 冷
    Singapore 冷
    Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
    Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
    Taishan 冷
    Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
    Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
    Gan Nanchang 冷
    Lichuan 冷
    Hakka Meixian 冷
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
    Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
    Jin Taiyuan 冷
    Min Bei Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
    Min Dong Fuzhou 凊, 凍
    Min Nan Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
    Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Shishi 寒
    Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Zhao'an 寒
    Dongshan 寒
    Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
    Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
    Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
    Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
    Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
    Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
    Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
    Jieyang 凝, 凊
    Singapore (Teochew) 凝
    Wenchang 寒
    Qionghai 寒
    Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
    Wu Shanghai 冷
    Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
    Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
    Danyang 冷
    Hangzhou 冷
    Ningbo 冷
    Wenzhou 冷, 凍
    Jinhua 冷
    Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
    Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 寒

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    FWOTD – 21 December 2020
    Shinjitai 寒
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    寒󠄁
    寒+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    寒󠄃
    寒+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji[edit]

    寒

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. cold

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    寒
    かん
    Grade: 3
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC ɦɑn).

    The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE.[2] Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    寒(かん) • (kan) 

    1. [from 700s] cold, chilly
    2. [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
    3. [from 900s] midwinter, cold season

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Noun[edit]

    寒(かん) • (kan) 

    1. [from circa 900] cold, coldness
    2. [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
      • a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
        干(かん)鮭(ざけ)も　空(くう)也(や)の痩(やせ)も　寒(かん)の内(うち)
        kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
        Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC ɦɑn). Recorded as Middle Korean 한 (han) (Yale: han) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    寒 (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))

    1. Hanja form? of 한 (“cold; chilly”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn (河(hà)干(can)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    寒: Nôm readings: hàn[1][2][4][6]

    1. chữ Hán form of hàn (“coldness”).

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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