河

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河 U+6CB3, 河
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CB3
← 沲
[U+6CB2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 沴 →
[U+6CB4]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

河 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水一弓口 (EMNR), four-corner 31120, composition ⿰氵可)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 613, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17245
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1006, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1582, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+6CB3

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 河
alternative forms 𢀎

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 河
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
砢 *ɡ·raːlʔ
柯 *kaːl
菏 *kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁 *kaːl
滒 *kaːl
哥 *kaːl
歌 *kaːl
謌 *kaːl
鴚 *kaːl
哿 *kaːlʔ
舸 *kaːlʔ
笴 *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻 *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂 *kʰaːl
可 *kʰaːlʔ
岢 *kʰaːlʔ
坷 *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵 *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵 *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶 *qʰaːl
抲 *qʰaːl
荷 *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何 *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河 *ɡaːl
苛 *ɡaːl
魺 *ɡaːl
袔 *ɡaːls
阿 *qaːl
妸 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴 *qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳 *qaːl
娿 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾 *qaːl
跒 *kʰraːlʔ
閜 *qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Etymology[edit]

Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.

External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • Jinjiang, Hui'an:
    • ô - vernacular;
    • hô - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 河
    Mandarin Beijing /xɤ³⁵/
    Harbin /xɤ²⁴/
    Tianjin /xɤ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /xə⁴²/
    Qingdao /xə⁴²/ 新
    /xuə⁴²/ 老
    Zhengzhou /xɤ⁴²/
    Xi'an /xuo²⁴/
    Xining /xu²⁴/
    Yinchuan /xə⁵³/
    Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xɤ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xuo²¹³/
    Chengdu /xo³¹/
    Guiyang /xo²¹/
    Kunming /xo³¹/
    Nanjing /xo²⁴/
    Hefei /xʊ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xɤ¹¹/
    Pingyao /xɔ¹³/
    /xei¹³/
    Hohhot /xɤ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /vu²³/
    Suzhou /ɦəu¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦo²¹³/
    Wenzhou /vu³¹/
    Hui Shexian /xo⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /xo⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /xo¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɦo¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /ho²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /ho¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ho¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔ²¹/
    Nanning /hɔ²¹/
    Hong Kong /hɔ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ho³⁵/
    /o³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /o⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ɔ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ho⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ho³¹/
    Rime
    Character 河
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 歌 (94)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 胡歌切
    Baxter ha
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɑ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦɑ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɑ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦa/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɑ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɑ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣɑ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hé
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ho4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 河
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hé
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ha ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[C.ɡ]ˁaj/
    English river

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 河
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7459
    Phonetic
    component         		可
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		何
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaːl/

    Definitions[edit]

    河

    1. Yellow River, Huang He
      Synonym: 黃河／黄河 (Huáng Hé)
      河南  ―  Hénán  ―  Henan (literally, “south of the Yellow River”)
      1. (obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River
      2. (obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)
    2. (by extension) river, especially a smaller river, creek, or stream, as distinguished from 江 and 川 (Classifier: 條／条 m c; 道 m)
      河流  ―  héliú  ―  river
      小河  ―  xiǎo hé  ―  small river, stream
    3. (obsolete) streamside; riverside
    4. (literary, figurative) Milky Way
    5. (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 河粉 (héfěn).
      乾炒牛河／干炒牛河 [Cantonese]  ―  gon1 caau2 ngau4 ho4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  beef chow fun
    6. a surname: He; Ho

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 沙河粉 (“broad, flat rice noodles”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Mandarin Malaysia 河粉, 粿條
    Singapore 粿條, 河粉
    Cantonese Guangzhou 沙河粉, 河粉, 河
    Hong Kong 河粉, 河, 貴刁 Malaysian style
    Taishan 沙河粉
    Dongguan 沙河粉, 河粉, 河
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 河粉
    Singapore (Guangfu) 河粉
    Hakka Meixian 粄皮, 沙河粉
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 沙河粉
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 粄條
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 面帕粄
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 粄條
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 粄條
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 粄條
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 粄條
    Min Nan Xiamen 粿條
    Zhangzhou 粿仔條, 粿條
    Taipei 粿仔
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 粿仔條
    Kaohsiung 粿仔
    Yilan 粿仔
    Changhua (Lukang) 粿仔
    Taichung 粿仔
    Tainan 粿仔
    Hsinchu 粿仔條
    Penghu (Magong) 粿條
    Penang (Hokkien) 粿條
    Singapore (Hokkien) 粿條
    Chaozhou 粿條
    Shantou 粿條
    Haifeng 粿條
    Bangkok (Teochew) 粿條
    Singapore (Teochew) 粿條
    Wenchang 粄條
    Singapore (Hainanese) 粿條

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Wutunhua: xhe

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    河

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. river

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    河
    かわ
    Grade: 5
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 河 – see the following entry.
    【川かわ】1
    [noun] river, stream, brook
    (This term, 河, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    河
    か
    Grade: 5
    on’yomi

    Affix[edit]

    河(か) • (ka) 

    1. river

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    河
    ホー
    Grade: 5
    irregular

    From Chinese 河 (hé). The pronunciation is most similar to Cantonese /hɔː²¹/, although most Japanese mahjong terminology is taken from early 20th Century Mandarin.

    Noun[edit]

    河(ホー) • (hō) 

    1. (mahjong) river: a player's discard pile

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 河 (MC ha).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    河 (eumhun 물 하 (mul ha))

    1. Hanja form? of 하 (“river”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    河: Hán Việt readings: hà (寒(hàn)歌(ca)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    河: Nôm readings: hà[1][2][4][6]

    1. chữ Hán form of hà (“river”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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