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寒い

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
さむ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Etymology

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From the 連体形 (rentaikei, attributive form) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 寒し (samushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out. Originally 寒し (sabushi); underwent a sound change from /b/ to /m/, similar to 寂しい (sabishii, samishii, lonely, desolate), (tsuburi, tsumuri, head), and (keburi, kemuri, smoke).

By surface analysis, 寒し (sabushi) is a compound of a Classical Japanese さぶ (sabu) (likely akin to 荒ぶ (sabu, to be desolate, to be lonely) and 錆ぶ (sabu, to rust, to get old)) and (shi, Old and Classical Japanese adjective-forming suffix).

May be related to 寂しい (sabishii, samishii, lonely, desolate) (attested as sabusi in the Man'yōshū) and 錆びる (sabiru, to rust, to get old, intransitive).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「寒い
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 寒く むく
[sáꜜmùkù]
[sàmúꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 寒い [sàmúꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 寒い [sàmúꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 寒くない むくない
くない
[sáꜜmùkùnàì]
[sàmúꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 寒かった むかった
かった
[sáꜜmùkàttà]
[sàmúꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 寒くなかった むくなかった
くなかった
[sáꜜmùkùnàkàttà]
[sàmúꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 寒いです いです [sàmúꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 寒くて むくて
くて
[sáꜜmùkùtè]
[sàmúꜜkùtè]
Conditional 寒ければ むければ
ければ
[sáꜜmùkèrèbà]
[sàmúꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(さむ) (samui-i (adverbial (さむ) (samuku))

  1. cold (ambient temperature, as a winter day is cold)
    今日(きょう)(さむ)
    Kyō wa samui.
    It is cold today.
  2. (figuratively) fearful
    背筋(せすじ)(さむ)なる
    sesuji ga samuku naru
    a chill runs down one's spine
  3. (of a joke) terrible; not funny

Inflection

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Antonyms

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Coordinate terms

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN