寒い
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
寒 |
さむ Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 寒し (samushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out. Originally 寒し (sabushi); underwent a sound change from /b/ to /m/, similar to 寂しい (sabishii, samishii, “lonely, desolate”), 頭 (tsuburi, tsumuri, “head”), and 煙 (keburi, kemuri, “smoke”).
By surface analysis, 寒し (sabushi) is a compound of a Classical Japanese さぶ (sabu) (likely akin to 荒ぶ (sabu, “to be desolate, to be lonely”) and 錆ぶ (sabu, “to rust, to get old”)) and し (shi, Old and Classical Japanese adjective-forming suffix).
May be related to 寂しい (sabishii, samishii, “lonely, desolate”) (attested as sabusi in the Man'yōshū) and 錆びる (sabiru, “to rust, to get old”, intransitive).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「寒い」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Continuative (連用形) | 寒く | さむく さむく |
[sáꜜmùkù] [sàmúꜜkù] |
Terminal (終止形) | 寒い | さむい | [sàmúꜜì] |
Attributive (連体形) | 寒い | さむい | [sàmúꜜì] |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 寒くない | さむくない さむくない |
[sáꜜmùkùnàì] [sàmúꜜkùnàì] |
Informal past | 寒かった | さむかった さむかった |
[sáꜜmùkàttà] [sàmúꜜkàttà] |
Informal negative past | 寒くなかった | さむくなかった さむくなかった |
[sáꜜmùkùnàkàttà] [sàmúꜜkùnàkàttà] |
Formal | 寒いです | さむいです | [sàmúꜜìdèsù] |
Conjunctive | 寒くて | さむくて さむくて |
[sáꜜmùkùtè] [sàmúꜜkùtè] |
Conditional | 寒ければ | さむければ さむければ |
[sáꜜmùkèrèbà] [sàmúꜜkèrèbà] |
Adjective
[edit]寒い • (samui) -i (adverbial 寒く (samuku))
- cold (ambient temperature, as a winter day is cold)
- 今日は寒い。
- Kyō wa samui.
- It is cold today.
- 今日は寒い。
- (figuratively) fearful
- 背筋が寒くなる
- sesuji ga samuku naru
- a chill runs down one's spine
- 背筋が寒くなる
- (of a joke) terrible; not funny
Inflection
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 寒かろ | さむかろ | samukaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 寒く | さむく | samuku |
Terminal (終止形) | 寒い | さむい | samui |
Attributive (連体形) | 寒い | さむい | samui |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 寒けれ | さむけれ | samukere |
Imperative (命令形) | 寒かれ | さむかれ | samukare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 寒くない | さむくない | samuku nai |
Informal past | 寒かった | さむかった | samukatta |
Informal negative past | 寒くなかった | さむくなかった | samuku nakatta |
Formal | 寒いです | さむいです | samui desu |
Formal negative | 寒くないです | さむくないです | samuku nai desu |
Formal past | 寒かったです | さむかったです | samukatta desu |
Formal negative past | 寒くなかったです | さむくなかったです | samuku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 寒くて | さむくて | samukute |
Conditional | 寒ければ | さむければ | samukereba |
Provisional | 寒かったら | さむかったら | samukattara |
Volitional | 寒かろう | さむかろう | samukarō |
Adverbial | 寒く | さむく | samuku |
Degree | 寒さ | さむさ | samusa |
Antonyms
[edit]Coordinate terms
[edit]- 暑い (atsui): hot (of the weather)
- 暖かい (atatakai): warm (of the weather)
- 涼しい (suzushii): cool (of the weather)
- 冷たい (tsumetai): cold or cool (of an object)
See also
[edit]- (of a joke: terrible): 滑る (suberu)
References
[edit]- Japanese terms spelled with 寒 read as さむ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Early Middle Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Early Middle Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese い-i adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples