Jump to content

冷

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
冷 U+51B7, 冷
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51B7
← 冶
[U+51B6] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冸 →
[U+51B8]
冷 U+F92E, 冷
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F92E
← 來
[U+F92D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勞 →
[U+F92F]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
7 strokes
Traditional 冷
Simplified 冷
Japanese 冷
Korean 冷

Han character

[edit]

冷 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+5, 7 strokes, Cangjie input 戈一人戈戈 (IMOII), four-corner 38127, composition ⿰冫令)

Derived characters

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1622
  • Dae Jaweon: page 295, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 296, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+51B7

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 冷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
令 *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
怜 *riːn, *reːŋ
零 *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿 *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ
命 *mreŋs
冷 *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
跉 *reŋ, *reːŋ
嶺 *reŋʔ
領 *reŋʔ
阾 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
柃 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
袊 *reŋʔ
詅 *reŋs, *reːŋ
旍 *ʔsleŋ
舲 *reːŋ
齡 *reːŋ
囹 *reːŋ
鴒 *reːŋ
蛉 *reːŋ
鈴 *reːŋ
苓 *reːŋ
伶 *reːŋ
泠 *reːŋ
瓴 *reːŋ
拎 *reːŋ
刢 *reːŋ
玲 *reːŋ
聆 *reːŋ
竛 *reːŋ
軨 *reːŋ
笭 *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
翎 *reːŋ
閝 *reːŋ
鹷 *reːŋ
昤 *reːŋ
駖 *reːŋ
彾 *reːŋ
呤 *reːŋ
狑 *reːŋ
秢 *reːŋ
岭 *reːŋ
紷 *reːŋ
砱 *reːŋ
羚 *reːŋ
姈 *reːŋ
蕶 *reːŋ
澪 *reːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) – cold as ice.

Etymology 1

[edit]
    trad. 冷
    simp. # 冷

    A vocalic variant of 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ, “chilly; cold”) (Schuessler, 2007).

    Pronunciation 1

    [edit]
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 冷
    Mandarin Beijing /ləŋ²¹⁴/
    Harbin /ləŋ²¹³/
    Tianjin /ləŋ¹³/
    Jinan /ləŋ⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /ləŋ⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /ləŋ⁵³/
    Xi'an /ləŋ⁵³/
    Xining /lə̃⁵³/
    Yinchuan /ləŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /lə̃n⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /lɤŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /nən⁴²/
    Chengdu /nən⁵³/
    Guiyang /nen⁴²/
    Kunming /lə⁵³̃/
    Nanjing /lən²¹²/
    Hefei /lən²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /ləŋ⁵³/
    Pingyao /ləŋ⁵³/
    /liɑ⁵³/
    Hohhot /lə̃ŋ⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /lã²³/
    Suzhou /lã³¹/
    Hangzhou /len⁵³/
    Wenzhou /liɛ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /lʌ̃³⁵/
    /lɛ³⁵/
    Tunxi /lɛ²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /lən⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /nən⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /lɑŋ²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /laŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /lɑŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /laŋ²³/
    Nanning /laŋ²⁴/
    Hong Kong /laŋ¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liŋ⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /lɛiŋ³²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /laiŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /nẽ⁵³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /leŋ²¹³/
    /lɛ²¹³/
    /lɛ³¹/ 晾乾
    Rime
    Character 冷 冷
    Reading # 2/3 3/3
    Initial (聲) 來 (37) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 庚 (109) 青 (125)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) II IV
    Fanqie 魯打切 力鼎切
    Baxter laengX lengX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lˠæŋX/ /leŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lᵚaŋX/ /leŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/laŋX/ /lɛŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/laɨjŋX/ /lɛjŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/lɐŋX/ /leŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/lɐŋX/ /lieŋX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/lɐŋX/ /lieŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lěng lǐng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lang5 ling5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 冷
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lěng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lengX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[r]ˁeŋʔ/
    English cold (Sagart & Ma, 2020)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 冷 冷
    Reading # 1/3 3/3
    No. 8276 8330
    Phonetic
    component         		令 令
    Rime
    group         		陽 耕
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		冷 笭
    Old
    Chinese         		/*raːŋʔ/ /*reːŋʔ/
    Definitions
    [edit]

    冷

    1. cold; cool
      寒冷  ―  hánlěng  ―  cold
      冷水  ―  lěngshuǐ  ―  cold water
    2. (dialectal) to cool; to cool down; to become cold
    3. cold; desolate; quiet
    4. cold; indifferent
    5. to dishearten
    6. idle
    7. disdainful; sarcastic
    8. neglected; not popular
      冷門／冷门  ―  lěngmén  ―  unpopular
    9. unfamiliar; rare
      冷僻  ―  lěngpì  ―  rare
    10. corny; lame
    11. sudden; unexpected
    12. a surname

    Synonyms

    [edit]
    • (cold):
    Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冷
    Taiwan 冷
    Singapore 冷
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 冷
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冷
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冷
    Wanrong 冷
    Xi'an 冷
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冷
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
    Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
    Guilin 冷
    Liuzhou 冷, 凊
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 冷
    Hefei 冷
    Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
    Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
    Taishan 冷
    Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
    Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍
    Gan Nanchang 冷
    Lichuan 冷
    Hakka Meixian 冷
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
    Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
    Jin Taiyuan 冷
    Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍
    Southern Min Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
    Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Shishi 寒
    Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Zhao'an 寒
    Dongshan 寒
    Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
    Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
    Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
    Manila (Hokkien) 寒, 寒人 weather, 冰 objects, 凊, 冷
    Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
    Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
    Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
    Jieyang 凝, 凊
    Singapore (Teochew) 凝
    Wenchang 寒
    Qionghai 寒
    Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
    Wu Shanghai 冷
    Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
    Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
    Danyang 冷
    Hangzhou 冷
    Ningbo 冷
    Wenzhou 冷, 凍
    Lishui 冷
    Jinhua 冷
    Yushan 凊
    Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
    Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Pronunciation 2

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 冷
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 青 (125)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) IV
    Fanqie 郎丁切
    Baxter leng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/leŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/leŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/lɛŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lɛjŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/leŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/lieŋ/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/lieŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		líng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ling4
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 冷
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 8317
    Phonetic
    component         		令
    Rime
    group         		耕
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		靈
    Old
    Chinese         		/*reːŋ/
    Notes 冷凙
    Definitions
    [edit]

    冷

    1. only used in 冷凙／冷𪞝

    Pronunciation 3

    [edit]
    Definitions
    [edit]

    冷

    1. only used in 㓑冷

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    trad. 冷
    simp. # 冷
    alternative forms 唥
    𦀬 Guangxi

        Borrowed from French laine (“wool”).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Definitions

        [edit]

        冷

        1. (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) woollen yarn (Classifier: 條／条 c; 嚿／𫩥 c)
        Synonyms
        [edit]
        Dialectal synonyms of 毛線 (“knitting wool; wool yarn”) [map]
        Variety Location Words
        Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 毛線
        Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 毛線
        Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 毛線
        Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 毛線
        Wanrong 毛線
        Xi'an 毛線
        Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 絨線, 絨
        Guiyang 毛線, 頭繩 dated
        Liuzhou 冷
        Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 絨線, 頭繩 dated, 扎綆 dated
        Cantonese Guangzhou 毛冷, 冷
        Hong Kong 毛冷, 冷
        Taishan 冷
        Dongguan 冷
        Gan Nanchang 頭繩子
        Pingxiang 毛線, 洋紅繩, 毛繩, 繩子
        Hakka Meixian 羊毛索
        Jin Taiyuan 毛線
        Xinzhou 毛線子
        Northern Min Jian'ou 羊毛索
        Southern Min Xiamen 羊毛
        Tainan 膨紗
        Shantou 羊毛
        Jieyang 羊毛線, 羊毛紗, 羊毛
        Leizhou 冷
        Haikou 冷
        Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冷
        Wu Shanghai 絨線, 頭繩 dated
        Shanghai (Chongming) 頭繩
        Danyang 絨線
        Hangzhou 絨線
        Ningbo 絨線
        Wenzhou 絨
        Jinhua 毛線
        Xiang Changsha 洋繩子
        Compounds
        [edit]

        Etymology 3

        [edit]
        trad. 冷
        simp. # 冷
        alternative forms 唥

            Borrowed from Teochew 儂 / 侬 (nang5, “person”).

            Pronunciation

            [edit]

            Definitions

            [edit]

            冷

            1. (Cantonese, slang, humorous) guy; person (Classifier: 條／条 c)
            2. (Cantonese) Used in words related to Teochew people.
              冷話／冷话 [Cantonese]  ―  laang5-1 waa6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  Teochew language

            Compounds

            [edit]

            Japanese

            [edit]

            Kanji

            [edit]
            冷

            (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

            1. cool
            2. (of beer, a person, etc.) cold
            3. chill

            Readings

            [edit]

            Compounds

            [edit]
            Derived terms

            Etymology

            [edit]
            Kanji in this term
            冷
            ひや
            Grade: 4
            kun'yomi
            For pronunciation and definitions of 冷 – see the following entry.
            【ひや】
            [noun] cold drinking water
            Alternative spelling
            冷や
            (This term, 冷, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

            Korean

            [edit]

            Hanja

            [edit]

            冷 (eumhun 찰 랭 (chal raeng), word-initial (South Korea) 찰 냉 (chal naeng))

            1. hanja form? of 랭/냉 (“cold”)

            Vietnamese

            [edit]

            Han character

            [edit]

            冷: Hán Việt readings: lãnh[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
            冷: Nôm readings: lạnh[1][2][3][5][6][8][9][10], rãnh[2][3][5][6][10], lành[1][2][3], lênh[1][2][6], lảnh[1][3][5], rảnh[1][3][5], liểng[3][5][6], linh[2][6], lánh[1], lãnh[1], rành[1], rạnh[1], rình[1], lểnh[5]

            1. chữ Hán form of lãnh (“cold; neglected”)
            2. chữ Nôm form of lánh (“to avoid; to shun; to evade”)
            3. chữ Nôm form of lành (“good; kind; mild; gentle”)
            4. chữ Nôm form of lạnh (“cold”)
            5. chữ Nôm form of lênh (“used in lênh đênh (“to wander, to drift, to be afloat”)”)
            6. chữ Nôm form of rành (“(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, rare) clear; plain; evident”)
            7. chữ Nôm form of rảnh (“free; unoccupied; not busy”)

            Compounds

            [edit]

            References

            [edit]
            1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Nguyễn (2014).
            2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
            3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Trần (2004).
            4. ^ Trần (1999).
            5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Takeuchi (1988).
            6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Hồ (1976).
            7. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
            8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Génibrel (1898).
            9. ^ Bonet (1899).
            10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
            Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=冷&oldid=89629514"