凝

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凝 U+51DD, 凝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD
← 凜
[U+51DC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凞 →
[U+51DE]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

凝 (radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 133, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 凝
alternative forms 冰
𣲝
𡷪
𠘥

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礙 *ŋɯːs
儗 *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝 *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺 *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡 *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑 *ŋɯ
嶷 *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺 *ŋɯ
擬 *ŋɯʔ
薿 *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝 *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: king4 - colloquial ("to coagulate").
Note: kên4 - "ice".
Note:
  • gêng - literary;
  • gîn - vernacular.
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ngêng5 / ngiêng5 / geng5 / ngang5
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngiêng / kṳ̂ng / ngâng
    • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • ngêng5/ngiêng5 - literary (ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
  • geng5 - vernacular;
  • ngang5 - vernacular (dialectal usage, "cold").
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 凝
Mandarin Beijing /niŋ³⁵/
Harbin /niŋ²⁴/ ～固
/niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
Tianjin /niŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ȵiŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /niŋ²⁴/
Xining /ȵiə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /niŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ȵĩn⁵³/
/lĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ȵiŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nin²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵin³¹/
Guiyang /nin²¹/
Kunming /nĩ³¹/
Nanjing /lin²⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /niəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /nĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ȵin¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵin²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /ȵin¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵin¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /kʰen¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
Nanning /neŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /giŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋi²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋeŋ³¹/
/xeŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 蒸 (133) 蒸 (133)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 魚陵切 牛𩜁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋieŋ/ /ŋieŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋiŋ/ /ŋiŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiəŋ/ /ŋiəŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭəŋ/ /ŋĭəŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯əŋ/ /ŋi̯əŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yíng yìng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		níng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nging ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English freeze, coagulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 14902 14903
Phonetic
component 		疑 疑
Rime
group 		蒸 蒸
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		凝 凝
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋrɯŋ/ /*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions[edit]

凝

  1. to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
  2. to focus; to concentrate
  3. (Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly
    凝死 [Teochew]  ―  ngang5 si2 [Peng'im]  ―  very cold
  4. (Hakka) ice

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Jinan 冷
Xi'an 冷
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊
Chengdu 冷, 凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Singapore 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷
Kuala Lumpur 凍
Singapore 凍
Gan Nanchang 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Liudui (S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu (Hailu) 冷
Dongshi (Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu (Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Min Bei Jian'ou 凊, 鎮
Min Dong Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Min Nan Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒
Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou 凝, 寒, 凊
Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊
Chenghai 凝, 凊
Jieyang 凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 冷
Wenchang 寒
Qionghai 寒
Singapore (Hainanese) 寒
Wu Suzhou 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冰, 凌
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冰
Mandarin Beijing 冰
Taiwan 冰
Tianjin 冰
Tangshan 冰
Cangzhou 冰
Baoding 冰
Shijiazhuang 冰
Harbin 冰
Shenyang 冰, 凍
Hailar 冰
Chifeng 冰, 冰冰
Jinan 冰, 凍凍
Muping 冰
Luoyang 冰, 冰凌
Wanrong 冬凌
Xi'an 冰
Qingdao 冰
Zhengzhou 冰
Xining 冰
Xuzhou 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰
Yinchuan 冰
Lanzhou 冰, 凍
Ürümqi 冰
Wuhan 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍
Chengdu 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒
Chongqing 冰, 凌冰兒
Guiyang 冰, 凌冰 in nature
Guilin 冰
Liuzhou 冰
Tianlin (Langping) 凝
Kunming 冰凌
Yangzhou 冰
Nanjing 冰, 凍
Hefei 冰凍, 冰
Nantong 凍
Singapore 冰
Mae Salong (Lancang) 冰
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 冰
Cantonese Guangzhou 雪, 冰
Hong Kong 冰, 雪
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 冰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 冰
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 冰
Dongguan 冰, 雪
Yangjiang 冰
Kuala Lumpur 冰
Singapore 冰
Gan Nanchang 冰, 冰凌
Lichuan 冰凌
Pingxiang 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature
Hakka Meixian 凝, 冰
Xingning 凝餅
Huidong (Daling) 凝
Dongguan (Qingxi) 冰
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冰
Wuhua (Huacheng) 硬凝
Wuhua (Changbu) 凝
Wuhua (Mianyang) 冰
Heyuan (Bendihua) 冰
Wengyuan 冰
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 硬凝
Liannan 冰
Jiexi 冰
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 冰
Changting 凌冰
Pingyu 硬凝
Wuping 凌冰
Wuping (Yanqian) 凌冰
Liancheng 凌冰
Ninghua 凌冰
Yudu 冰
Ningdu 凌冰
Ruijin 凌冰
Shicheng 凌冰
Shangyou 硬構
Tonggu (Sandu) 凌冰
Ganzhou (Panlong) 凌冰
Dayu 凌冰
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冰
Liudui (S. Sixian) 冰
Hsinchu (Hailu) 冰
Dongshi (Dabu) 冰
Hsinchu (Raoping) 冰
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冰
Hong Kong 冰
Yangxi (Tangkou) 冰
Yangchun (Sanjia) 冰
Xinyi (Sihe) 雪
Xinyi (Qianpai) 冰
Gaozhou (Xindong) 冰
Dianbai (Shalang) 冰
Huazhou (Xin'an) 冰
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 冰
Lianjiang (Qingping) 冰
Mengshan (Xihe) 冰
Luchuan 冰
Senai 冰
Singkawang 雪
Huizhou Jixi 冰, 凍冰
Jin Taiyuan 冰, 冰凌
Xinzhou 冬蠟
Jining 冰
Hohhot 冰
Linhe 冰
Handan 冰
Min Bei Jian'ou 冰, 霜冰
Min Dong Fuzhou 冰
Min Nan Xiamen 冰, 霜
Quanzhou 冰, 霜
Zhangzhou 冰, 霜
Tainan 冰
Penang (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Singapore (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Pingnan (Pingtian) 冰
Guiping (Xiaowen) 冰
Guiping (Dongsheng) 冰
Chaozhou 霜, 冰
Bangkok (Teochew) 霜水
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 冰
Haikou 冰
Min Zhong Yong'an 霜冰
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冰
Shehua Fu'an 冰
Fuding 冰
Luoyuan 冰
Sanming 冰
Shunchang 冰
Hua'an 冰
Guixi 冰
Cangnan 冰
Jingning 冰
Lishui 冰
Longyou 冰
Chaozhou 冰
Fengshun 雪
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 涼槓
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 凝鉤子
Wu Shanghai 冰
Chongming 冰
Baoshan (Shuangcaodun) 冰
Baoshan (Luodian) 冰
Zhoupu 冰
Songjiang 冰
Suzhou 冰
Wujiang (Lili) 冰
Wujiang (Shengze) 冰
Wuxi 冰
Changshu 冰, 冰凍
Kunshan 冰
Jiaxing 冰
Changzhou 冰, 結冰
Liyang 冰
Yixing 冰
Danyang 冰, 凍
Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) 冰
Jingjiang 冰
Jiangyin 冰
Huzhou (Shuanglin) 冰
Hangzhou 冰
Shaoxing 冰
Zhuji (Wangjiajing) 冰凍
Shengzhou (Chongren) 冰
Shengzhou (Taiping) 冰
Yuyao 冰
Ningbo 冰
Huangyan 冰
Wenzhou 冰, 霜冰 in nature
Quzhou 冰
Jinhua 冰
Tangxi 冰
Yongkang 冰
Xiang Changsha 凌, 凌冰 in nature
Shuangfeng 構冷子

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

凝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. congeal

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

凝 (eum 응 (eung))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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