Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
凝 (radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 133, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
- Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 301, character 18
- Unihan data for U+51DD
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
| Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
|
|
|
Old Chinese
|
| 礙
|
*ŋɯːs
|
| 儗
|
*ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
|
| 懝
|
*ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
|
| 譺
|
*ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
|
| 癡
|
*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
|
| 疑
|
*ŋɯ
|
| 嶷
|
*ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
|
| 觺
|
*ŋɯ
|
| 擬
|
*ŋɯʔ
|
| 薿
|
*ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
|
| 凝
|
*ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs
|
Pronunciation[edit]
Note:
- gêng - literary;
- gîn - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngêng5 / ngiêng5 / geng5 / ngang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngiêng / kṳ̂ng / ngâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- ngêng5/ngiêng5 - literary (ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
- geng5 - vernacular;
- ngang5 - vernacular (dialectal usage, "cold").
| Rime
|
| Character
|
凝
|
凝
|
| Reading #
|
1/2
|
2/2
|
| Initial (聲)
|
疑 (31)
|
疑 (31)
|
| Final (韻)
|
蒸 (133)
|
蒸 (133)
|
| Tone (調)
|
Level (Ø)
|
Departing (H)
|
| Openness (開合)
|
Open
|
Open
|
| Division (等)
|
III
|
III
|
| Fanqie
|
魚陵切
|
牛𩜁切
|
| Reconstructions
|
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
|
/ŋɨŋ/
|
/ŋɨŋH/
|
Pan
Wuyun
|
/ŋɨŋ/
|
/ŋɨŋH/
|
Shao
Rongfen
|
/ŋieŋ/
|
/ŋieŋH/
|
Edwin
Pulleyblank
|
/ŋiŋ/
|
/ŋiŋH/
|
Li
Rong
|
/ŋiəŋ/
|
/ŋiəŋH/
|
Wang
Li
|
/ŋĭəŋ/
|
/ŋĭəŋH/
|
Bernard
Karlgren
|
/ŋi̯əŋ/
|
/ŋi̯əŋH/
|
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
|
yíng
|
yìng
|
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
| Character
|
凝
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
|
níng
|
Middle
Chinese
|
‹ nging ›
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
|
| English
|
freeze, coagulate
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
| Character
|
凝
|
凝
|
| Reading #
|
1/2
|
2/2
|
| No.
|
14902
|
14903
|
Phonetic
component
|
疑
|
疑
|
Rime
group
|
蒸
|
蒸
|
Rime
subdivision
|
0
|
0
|
Corresponding
MC rime
|
凝
|
凝
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*ŋrɯŋ/
|
/*ŋrɯŋs/
|
Definitions[edit]
凝
- to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
- to focus; to concentrate
- (Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly
Synonyms[edit]
| Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
|
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
冷
|
| Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
冷
|
| Taiwan
|
冷
|
| Jinan
|
冷
|
| Xi'an
|
冷
|
| Wuhan
|
冷, 冷凊
|
| Chengdu
|
冷, 凊
|
| Yangzhou
|
冷
|
| Hefei
|
冷
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
凍, 冷
|
| Hong Kong
|
凍, 冷
|
| Taishan
|
冷
|
| Yangjiang
|
凍, 冷
|
| Gan
|
Nanchang
|
冷
|
| Hakka
|
Meixian
|
冷
|
| Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
冷, 寒
|
| Liudui (S. Sixian)
|
冷, 寒人
|
| Hsinchu (Hailu)
|
冷
|
| Dongshi (Dabu)
|
冷, 寒
|
| Hsinchu (Raoping)
|
冷, 寒
|
| Yunlin (Zhao'an)
|
冷, 寒
|
| Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
冷
|
| Min Bei
|
Jian'ou
|
凊, 鎮
|
| Min Dong
|
Fuzhou
|
凊, 凍
|
| Min Nan
|
Xiamen
|
冷, 凊, 寒
|
| Quanzhou
|
冷, 凊, 寒
|
| Zhangzhou
|
冷, 凊, 寒
|
| Taipei
|
冷, 凊, 寒
|
| Penang
|
冷, 寒
|
| Philippines (Manila)
|
冷, 寒, 凊
|
| Chaozhou
|
凝, 寒
|
| Shantou
|
凝, 寒
|
| Wu
|
Suzhou
|
冷
|
| Wenzhou
|
冷, 凍
|
| Xiang
|
Changsha
|
冷, 凊
|
| Shuangfeng
|
冷, 凊
|
Compounds[edit]
Japanese[edit]
凝
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- congeal
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
凝 • (eung) (hangeul 응, revised eung, McCune–Reischauer ŭng, Yale ung)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
凝 (ngưng, ngừng)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
