凝
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Contents
Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
凝 (radical 15 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 133, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
- Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 301, character 18
- Unihan data for U+51DD
Chinese[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
凝 | |
|---|---|---|
| alt. forms | 冰 𣲝 𡷪 𠘥 |
|
Glyph origin[edit]
| Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 礙 | *ŋɯːs |
| 儗 | *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 懝 | *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ |
| 譺 | *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs |
| 癡 | *ŋ̥ʰl'ɯ |
| 疑 | *ŋɯ |
| 嶷 | *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 觺 | *ŋɯ |
| 擬 | *ŋɯʔ |
| 薿 | *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ |
| 凝 | *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs |
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
- Wade-Giles: ning2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
- IPA (key): /niŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: jing4, king4
- Yale: yìhng, kìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jing4, king4
- Guangdong Romanization: ying4, king4
- IPA (key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Min Nan
Note:
- gêng - literary;
- gîn - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngang5 / ngêng5 / geng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâng / ngêng / kṳ̂ng
- IPA (key): /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- ngêng5 - literary;
- geng5 - vernacular.
-
Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 凝 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /niŋ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /niŋ²⁴/ ～固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了 |
|
| Tianjin | /niŋ⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
|
| Qingdao | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
|
| Zhengzhou | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ |
|
| Xi'an | /niŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ȵiə̃²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /niŋ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/ |
|
| Ürümqi | /ȵiŋ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ȵin³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nin²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /nĩ³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /niəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ȵiŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /nĩŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ȵin¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ȵin²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ȵaŋ³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /niʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵin¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ȵin¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰen¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | ||
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jeŋ²¹/ |
| Nanning | /neŋ²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /jiŋ²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /giŋ³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ŋiŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /ŋi²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/ |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 凝 | 凝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 魚陵切 | 牛𩜁切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ŋɨŋ/ | /ŋɨŋH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ŋɨŋ/ | /ŋɨŋH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ŋieŋ/ | /ŋieŋH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ŋiŋ/ | /ŋiŋH/ |
| Li Rong |
/ŋiəŋ/ | /ŋiəŋH/ |
| Wang Li |
/ŋĭəŋ/ | /ŋĭəŋH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ŋi̯əŋ/ | /ŋi̯əŋH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
yíng | yìng |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 凝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
níng |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nging › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?) |
| English | freeze, coagulate |
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 凝 | 凝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 14902 | 14903 |
| Phonetic component |
疑 | 疑 |
| Rime group |
蒸 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
凝 | 凝 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ŋrɯŋ/ | /*ŋrɯŋs/ |
Definitions[edit]
凝
Synonyms[edit]
| Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Taiwan | 冷 | |
| Jinan | 冷 | |
| Xi'an | 冷 | |
| Wuhan | 冷、冷凊 | |
| Chengdu | 冷、凊 | |
| Yangzhou | 冷 | |
| Hefei | 冷 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍、冷 |
| Hong Kong | 凍、冷 | |
| Taishan | 冷 | |
| Yangjiang | 凍、冷 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷、寒 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 冷、寒人 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 冷 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 冷、寒 | |
| Zhuolan (Raoping) | 冷、寒 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 冷、寒 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 凊、鎮 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 凊、凍 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 冷、凊、寒 |
| Quanzhou | 冷、凊、寒 | |
| Zhangzhou | 冷、凊、寒 | |
| Taipei | 冷、凊、寒 | |
| Chaozhou | 凝、寒 | |
| Shantou | 凝、寒 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷 |
| Wenzhou | 冷、凍 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷、凊 |
| Shuangfeng | 冷、凊 | |
Compounds[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
凝
- congeal
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
凝 • (eung) (hangeul 응, revised eung, McCune-Reischauer ŭng, Yale ung)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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- Japanese kanji with on reading ぎょう
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
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