凝

凝 U+51DD, 凝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD ← 凜 [U+51DC] CJK Unified Ideographs 凞 → [U+51DE]

Translingual

Han character

凝 (radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 3718₁, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters

• 𭗰, 𠘤

References

• KangXi: page 133, character 45
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
• Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 301, character 18
• Unihan data for U+51DD

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		凝
alt. forms		冰 𣲝 𡷪 𠘥

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	*ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝	*ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺	*ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	*ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	*ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝	*ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): níng (ning²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jing⁴, king⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nèn / khièn / khiàn
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): gêng / gîn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngang⁵ / ngêng⁵ / geng⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: níng
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
    • Wade–Giles: ning²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
    • IPA ^(key): /niŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jing⁴, king⁴
    • Yale: yìhng, kìhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jing⁴, king⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ying⁴, king⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
    • Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nen² / kian²
    • IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nen² / kian²
    • IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêng / gîn
    • Tâi-lô: gîng / gîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: geeng, giin
    • IPA (Xiamen): /giɪŋ²⁴/, /gin²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /giɪŋ²⁴/, /gin²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /giɪŋ¹³/, /gin¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /giɪŋ²⁴/, /gin²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /giɪŋ²³/, /gin²³/

Note:

• gêng - literary;
• gîn - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ngang⁵ / ngêng⁵ / geng⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâng / ngêng / kṳ̂ng
  • IPA ^(key): /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

• ngêng5 - literary;
• geng5 - vernacular.

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 凝
Mandarin	Beijing	/niŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/niŋ²⁴/ ～固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
	Tianjin	/niŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/niŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ȵiə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/niŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ȵiŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ȵin³¹/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹/
	Kunming	/nĩ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lin²⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/niəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/nĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/niʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵin¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ȵin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰen¹¹/
	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jeŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/neŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jiŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/giŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋiŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋi²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /ŋɨŋ/, /ŋɨŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	凝	凝
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	魚陵切	牛𩜁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨŋ/	/ŋɨŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨŋ/	/ŋɨŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋieŋ/	/ŋieŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋiŋ/	/ŋiŋH/
Li Rong	/ŋiəŋ/	/ŋiəŋH/
Wang Li	/ŋĭəŋ/	/ŋĭəŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯əŋ/	/ŋi̯əŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yíng	yìng

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	níng
Middle Chinese	‹ nging ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English	freeze, coagulate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凝	凝
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	14902	14903
Phonetic component	疑	疑
Rime group	蒸	蒸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	凝	凝
Old Chinese	/*ŋrɯŋ/	/*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions

凝

1. to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
2. to focus; to concentrate
3. (Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly

   凝死 [Teochew]  ―  ngang⁵ si² [Peng'im]  ―  very cold

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷
Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Jinan	冷
	Xi'an	冷
	Wuhan	冷、冷凊
	Chengdu	冷、凊
	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍、冷
	Hong Kong	凍、冷
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍、冷
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷、寒
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	冷、寒人
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	冷
	Dongshi (Dabu)	冷、寒
	Zhuolan (Raoping)	冷、寒
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	冷、寒
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Min Bei	Jian'ou	凊、鎮
Min Dong	Fuzhou	凊、凍
Min Nan	Xiamen	冷、凊、寒
	Quanzhou	冷、凊、寒
	Zhangzhou	冷、凊、寒
	Taipei	冷、凊、寒
	Chaozhou	凝、寒
	Shantou	凝、寒
Wu	Suzhou	冷
	Wenzhou	冷、凍
Xiang	Changsha	冷、凊
	Shuangfeng	冷、凊

Compounds

• 冷凝 (lěngníng)
• 冷凝劑／冷凝剂
• 冷凝器
• 冷凝管
• 凝乳 (níngrǔ)
• 凝佇／凝伫
• 凝冱
• 凝凍／凝冻
• 凝凝
• 凝咽 (níngyè)
• 凝固 (nínggù)
• 凝固劑／凝固剂
• 凝固點／凝固点
• 凝妝／凝妆
• 凝寒
• 凝思 (níngsī)
• 凝想
• 凝態／凝态
• 凝慮／凝虑
• 凝望 (níngwàng)
• 凝水石

• 凝滯／凝滞 (níngzhì)
• 凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
• 凝然
• 凝目
• 凝眄
• 凝眸
• 凝睇 (níngdì)
• 凝神 (níngshén)
• 凝結／凝结 (níngjié)
• 凝結作用／凝结作用
• 凝結反應／凝结反应
• 凝網／凝网
• 凝練／凝练 (níngliàn)
• 凝聚 (níngjù)
• 凝聚力 (níngjùlì)
• 凝聽／凝听
• 凝脂 (níngzhī)
• 凝膠體／凝胶体
• 凝血因子
• 凝血現象／凝血现象

• 凝血障礙／凝血障碍
• 凝視／凝视 (níngshì)
• 凝視點／凝视点
• 凝重 (níngzhòng)
• 凝鍊／凝炼
• 凝集 (níngjí)
• 凝雨
• 凝霜
• 凝霰
• 凝香
• 屏息凝氣／屏息凝气
• 屏息凝視／屏息凝视
• 屏氣凝神／屏气凝神
• 抗凝血劑／抗凝血剂
• 混凝
• 混凝劑／混凝剂
• 混凝土 (hùnníngtǔ)
• 端凝
• 血液凝固
• 酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)

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Japanese

Kanji

凝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. congeal

Readings

• On (unclassified): ぎょう (gyō, Jōyō)
• Kun: こる (koru, 凝る, Jōyō); こらす (korasu, 凝らす, Jōyō)

Compounds

• 凝灰岩 (ぎょうかいがん) (gyōkaigan)
• 凝結 (ぎょうけつ) (gyōketsu)
• 凝 (ぎょう)固 (こ) (gyōko)
• 凝 (ぎょう)視 (し) (gyōshi)
• 凝 (ぎょう)集 (しゅう) (gyōshū)
• 凝 (ぎょう)然 (ぜん) (gyōzen)

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Korean

Hanja

凝 • (eung) (hangeul 응, revised eung, McCune–Reischauer ŭng, Yale ung)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

凝 (ngưng, ngừng)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.