凝

凝	U+51DD, 凝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

凝 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 3718₁, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters[edit]

𭗰, 𠘤

References[edit]

KangXi: page 133, character 45
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese[edit]

trad.		凝
simp. ^#		凝
2nd round simp.		泞
alternative forms		冰𣲝𡷪𠘥

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)

Etymology[edit]

Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): níng (ning²)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄥˊ

(Chengdu, SP): nyin²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): jing⁴, king⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngen³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): nèn / khièn / khiàn

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngên² / kên² / kên⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ning¹
Min Bei (KCR): ngǐ
Min Dong (BUC): ngìng / ngĭk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gêng / gîn / kiân

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngêng⁵ / nging⁵ / geng⁵ / gêng⁵ / ngang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): nyin (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): nyin²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: níng
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: níng
  - Wade–Giles: ning²
  - Yale: níng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
  - Palladius: нин (nin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nyin²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nʲin²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jing⁴, king⁴
  - Yale: yìhng, kìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jing⁴, king⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ying⁴, king⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/

Note: king4 - colloquial ("to coagulate").

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngen³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡen²²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
  - Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nen² / kian²
  - Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nen² / kian²
  - Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngên² / kên² / kên⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋɛn¹¹/, /kʰɛn¹¹/, /kʰɛn⁵³/

Note: kên4 - "ice".

Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ning¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /nĩŋ¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngìng / ngĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiŋ⁵³/, /ŋiʔ⁵/

Note:

ngìng - literary;
ngĭk - vernacular.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêng
- Tâi-lô: gîng
- Phofsit Daibuun: geeng
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪŋ²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪŋ¹³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ɡiɪŋ²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gîn
- Tâi-lô: gîn
- Phofsit Daibuun: giin
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡin¹³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡin²³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡin²⁴/
(Hokkien: Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
- Tâi-lô: kiân
- Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
- IPA (Jinjiang): /kiɛn²⁴/

Note:

gêng - literary;
gîn/kiân - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngêng⁵ / nging⁵ / geng⁵ / gêng⁵ / ngang⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngîng / kṳ̂ng / kêng / ngâng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

ngêng5/nging5 - literary (nging5 - Chaoyang);
geng5/gêng5 - vernacular ("to coagulate") (geng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou; gêng5 - Jieyang);
ngang5 - vernacular ("cold").

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: nyin (T3)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲɪɲ²³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: nyin²
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲin¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 凝
Mandarin	Beijing	/niŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/niŋ²⁴/ ～固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
	Tianjin	/niŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/niŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ȵiə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/niŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ȵiŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ȵin³¹/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹/
	Kunming	/nĩ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lin²⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/niəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/nĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵin¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰen¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jeŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/neŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jiŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/giŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋiŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋi²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: /ŋɨŋ/, /ŋɨŋ^H/

Rime
Character	凝	凝
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	魚陵切	牛𩜁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨŋ/	/ŋɨŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨŋ/	/ŋɨŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋieŋ/	/ŋieŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋiŋ/	/ŋiŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ŋiəŋ/	/ŋiəŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭəŋ/	/ŋĭəŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯əŋ/	/ŋi̯əŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yíng	yìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jing⁴	jing⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	níng
Middle Chinese	‹ nging ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English	freeze, coagulate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凝	凝
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	14902	14903
Phonetic component	疑	疑
Rime group	蒸	蒸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	凝	凝
Old Chinese	/*ŋrɯŋ/	/*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions[edit]

凝

to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
to focus; to concentrate (attention)
to stop; to be still
slow; sluggish
deep; gorgeous
(Teochew) cold
凝死 [Teochew] ― ngang⁵ si² [Peng'im] ― very cold
(Hakka) ice

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Yantai (Muping)	冷
	Jinan	冷
	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
	Yinchuan	冷
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
	Singapore	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Gan	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Min Bei	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Min Dong	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Min Nan	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	冷, 寒, 凊
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Jinhua	冷
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		冰, 凌
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冰
Mandarin	Beijing	冰
	Taiwan	冰
	Tianjin	冰
	Tangshan	冰
	Cangzhou	冰
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	凌
	Baoding	冰
	Shijiazhuang	冰
	Chifeng	冰, 冰冰
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	冰
	Harbin	冰
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	冰
	Shenyang	冰, 凍
	Yantai (Muping)	冰
	Qingdao	冰
	Weifang (Weicheng)	凍凍
	Weifang (Fangzi)	凍凍
	Weifang (Hanting)	凍凍
	Changyi	凍凍
	Gaomi	凍凍
	Zhucheng	凍凍
	Anqiu	凍凍
	Changle	凍凍
	Linqu	凍凍
	Qingzhou	凍凍
	Shouguang	凍凍
	Rizhao	凍凍
	Wulian	凍凍
	Jinan	冰, 凍凍
	Luoyang	冰, 冰凌
	Wanrong	冬凌
	Zhengzhou	冰
	Xi'an	冰
	Dingbian	冰
	Yinchuan	冰
	Lanzhou	冰, 凍
	Xining	冰
	Ürümqi	冰
	Wuhan	凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍
	Hong'an	凌冰
	Chengdu	冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒
	Muli	凌冰子
	Chongqing	冰, 凌冰兒
	Guiyang	冰, 凌冰 in nature
	Kunming	冰凌
	Guilin	冰
	Pingle	冰
	Liuzhou	冰
	Luzhai	冰
	Nanning (Wuming)	冰
	Binyang (Nanjie)	冰
	Yizhou	冰
	Luocheng (Dongmen)	冰
	Tianlin (Langping)	凝
	Xiangzhou (Nalu)	冰
	Xuzhou	凍凍, 冰冰, 冰
	Yangzhou	冰
	Nanjing	冰, 凍
	Hefei	冰凍, 冰
	Chuzhou	冰凍
	Nantong	凍
	Qimen (Anling Junhua)	冰凍
	Singapore	冰
	Reshuitang (Longling)	冰
Mae Salong (Lancang)	冰
Mae Sai (Tengchong)	冰
Oudomxay	冰棒
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	冰
Cantonese	Guangzhou	雪, 冰
	Hong Kong	冰, 雪
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	冰
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	冰
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	冰
	Zhongshan (Chongkoumen Tanka)	冰, 雪
	Taishan	冰
	Taishan (Guanghai)	冰, 雪
	Dongguan	冰, 雪
	Yangjiang	冰
	Wuzhou	冰
	Yulin	冰
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	冰
	Hepu (Shatian)	冰
	Guiping (Jintian)	冰
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	冰
	Guiping (Madong)	冰
	Beiliu	冰
	Baise	冰
	Qinzhou	冰
	Qinzhou (Changtan)	冰
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	冰
	Beihai	冰
	Beihai (Nankang)	冰
	Beihai (Yingpan)	冰
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	冰
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	冰
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	冰
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	冰, 霜 dated
	Fusui (Qujiu)	冰, 霜 dated
	Lingchuan (Yangjia)	冰
	Danzhou	冰
	Sanya (Yanglan Maihua)	冰
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	冰
	Singapore (Guangfu)	冰
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	冰
	Móng Cái	冰
	Yangon (Taishan)	冰
	Mandalay (Taishan)	冰
Gan	Nanchang	冰, 冰凌
	Pengze	凌冰
	Yanshan	冰
	Lichuan	冰凌
	Pingxiang	冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature
Hakka	Meixian	凝, 冰
	Xingning	凝餅
	Huidong (Daling)	凝
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	冰
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	冰
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	硬凝
	Wuhua (Changbu)	凝
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	冰
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	冰
	Wengyuan	冰
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	硬凝
	Liannan	冰
	Jiexi	冰
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	冰
	Changting	凌冰
	Wuping	凌冰
	Wuping (Yanqian)	凌冰
	Wuping (Pingyu)	硬凝
	Liancheng	凌冰
	Liancheng (Peitian)	凌冰
	Ninghua	凌冰
	Yudu	冰
	Ningdu	凌冰
	Ruijin	凌冰
	Shicheng	凌冰
	Shangyou (Shexi)	硬構
	Tonggu (Sandu)	凌冰
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	凌冰
	Dayu	凌冰
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冰
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冰
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冰
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冰
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冰
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冰
	Hong Kong	冰
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	冰
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	冰
	Xinyi (Sihe)	雪
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	冰
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	冰
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	冰
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	冰
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	冰
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	冰
	Mengshan (Xihe)	冰
	Luchuan	冰
	Bobai (Shahe)	冰
	Bobai (Longtan)	冰
	Bobai (Lingping)	冰
	Beiliu (Gonghe)	冰
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	冰
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	冰
	Pingle (Tong'an)	冰
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	冰
	Senai (Huiyang)	冰
	Singkawang	雪
	Pontianak (Meixian)	雪
Huizhou	Jixi	冰, 凍冰
	Shexian (Xianggao)	冰
	Shexian (Daguyun)	冰, 凍冰
	Qimen (Anling Minhua)	冰凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冰, 冰凌
	Datong	冰
	Datong (Yunzhou)	冰
	Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou)	冰凌
	Xinzhou	冬蠟
	Changzhi	冰凌
	Linhe	冰
	Jining	冰
	Hohhot	冰
	Handan	冰
Min Bei	Jian'ou	冰, 霜冰
Min Bei	Pucheng (Shibei)	冰
Min Dong	Fuzhou	冰
Min Dong	Gutian	冰
Min Nan	Xiamen	冰, 霜
	Quanzhou	冰, 霜
	Zhangzhou	冰, 霜
	Tainan	冰
	Penang (Hokkien)	霜, 冰
	Singapore (Hokkien)	霜, 冰
	Manila (Hokkien)	霜
	Pingnan (Pingtian)	冰
	Guiping (Xiaowen)	冰
	Guiping (Dongsheng)	冰
	Guilin (Biyange)	冰
	Chaozhou	霜, 冰
	Shantou	冰
	Jieyang	冰
	Bangkok (Teochew)	霜水
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	冰
	Singapore (Teochew)	霜
	Pontianak (Teochew)	冰
	Wenchang	冰
	Haikou	冰
Min Zhong	Yong'an	霜冰
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	冰
	Nanning (Gejiayuan)	冰
	Nanning (Zhegulu)	冰
	Nanning (Silian)	冰
	Nanning (Xiuxiang)	冰
	Binyang	冰
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	冰
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	冰
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	冰
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	冰
	Lingchuan (Gaoqiao)	冰
	Guanyang (Guanyinge)	雪
Shehua	Fu'an	冰
	Fuding	冰
	Luoyuan	冰
	Sanming	冰
	Shunchang	冰
	Hua'an	冰
	Guixi (Zhangping)	冰
	Cangnan	冰
	Jingning	冰
	Lishui	冰
	Longyou	冰
	Chaozhou	冰
	Fengshun	雪
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	涼槓
Waxiang	Luxi (Liangjiatan)	凝鉤子
Wu	Shanghai	冰
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冰
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	冰
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	冰
	Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong)	冰
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	冰
	Suzhou	冰
	Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang)	冰
	Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)	冰
	Wuxi	冰
	Changshu	冰, 冰凍
	Kunshan	冰
	Jiaxing	冰
	Changzhou	冰, 結冰
	Liyang	冰
	Yixing	冰
	Danyang	冰, 凍
	Danyang (Tongjiaqiao)	冰
	Jingjiang	冰
	Jiangyin	冰
	Huzhou (Shuanglin)	冰
	Hangzhou	冰
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	冰
	Shaoxing	冰
	Zhuji (Wangjiajing)	冰凍
	Shengzhou (Chongren)	冰
	Shengzhou (Taiping)	冰
	Ningbo	冰
	Yuyao	冰
	Huangyan	冰
	Wenzhou	冰, 霜冰 in nature
	Quzhou	冰
	Jinhua	冰
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	冰
	Yongkang	冰
Xiang	Changsha	凌, 凌冰 in nature
	Xiangxiang	冰
	Xiangxiang (Meiqiao)	凌構子
	Shuangfeng	構冷子
	Hengshan	冰
	Hengshan (Baiguo)	冰
	Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao)	冰, 凌, 凌構

Compounds[edit]

冷凝 (lěngníng)
冷凝器
冷凝管
凝乳 (níngrǔ)
凝冱
凝凝
凝咽 (níngyè)
凝固 (nínggù)
凝寒
凝思 (níngsī)
凝想
凝望 (níngwàng)
凝水石
凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
凝然
凝目
凝眄
凝眸 (níngmóu)
凝睇 (níngdì)
凝神 (níngshén)
凝聚 (níngjù)

凝聚力 (níngjùlì)
凝脂 (níngzhī)
凝血因子 (níngxuè yīnzǐ)
凝重 (níngzhòng)
凝集 (níngjí)
凝雨
凝霜 (níngshuāng)
凝霰
凝香
混凝
混凝土 (hùnníngtǔ)
端凝
血液凝固
酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)
冷凝劑／冷凝剂
凝佇／凝伫
凝凍／凝冻
凝固劑／凝固剂
凝固點／凝固点
凝妝／凝妆
凝態／凝态

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

凝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

congeal

Readings[edit]

On (unclassified): ぎょう (gyō, Jōyō)
Kun: こる (koru, 凝る, Jōyō); こらす (korasu, 凝らす, Jōyō)

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

凝 (eum 응 (eung))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

凝

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

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