凝

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凝 U+51DD, 凝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD
← 凜
[U+51DC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凞 →
[U+51DE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
凝-red.png

Han character[edit]

凝 (radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 133, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 凝
alternative forms 冰
𣲝
𡷪
𠘥

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礙 *ŋɯːs
儗 *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝 *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺 *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡 *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑 *ŋɯ
嶷 *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺 *ŋɯ
擬 *ŋɯʔ
薿 *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝 *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: king4 - colloquial ("to coagulate").
Note: kên4 - "ice".
Note:
  • gêng - literary;
  • gîn - vernacular.
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ngêng5 / ngiêng5 / geng5 / ngang5
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngiêng / kṳ̂ng / ngâng
    • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • ngêng5/ngiêng5 - literary (ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
  • geng5 - vernacular;
  • ngang5 - vernacular (dialectal usage, "cold").
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 凝
Mandarin Beijing /niŋ³⁵/
Harbin /niŋ²⁴/ ～固
/niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
Tianjin /niŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ȵiŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /niŋ²⁴/
Xining /ȵiə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /niŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ȵĩn⁵³/
/lĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ȵiŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nin²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵin³¹/
Guiyang /nin²¹/
Kunming /nĩ³¹/
Nanjing /lin²⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /niəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /nĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ȵin¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵin²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /ȵin¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵin¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /kʰen¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
Nanning /neŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /giŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋi²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋeŋ³¹/
/xeŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 蒸 (133) 蒸 (133)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 魚陵切 牛𩜁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋieŋ/ /ŋieŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋiŋ/ /ŋiŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiəŋ/ /ŋiəŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭəŋ/ /ŋĭəŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯əŋ/ /ŋi̯əŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yíng yìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jing4 jing6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		níng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nging ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English freeze, coagulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 14902 14903
Phonetic
component 		疑 疑
Rime
group 		蒸 蒸
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		凝 凝
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋrɯŋ/ /*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions[edit]

凝

  1. to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
  2. to focus; to concentrate
  3. (Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly
    凝死 [Teochew]  ―  ngang5 si2 [Peng'im]  ―  very cold
  4. (Hakka) ice

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Muping 冷
Jinan 冷
Luoyang 冷
Wanrong 冷
Xi'an 冷
Yinchuan 冷
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
Guilin 冷
Liuzhou 冷, 凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Singapore 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
Gan Nanchang 冷
Lichuan 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Liudui (S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu (Hailu) 冷
Dongshi (Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu (Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Min Bei Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
Min Dong Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Min Nan Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhao'an 寒
Dongshan 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒
Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
Chenghai 凝, 凊
Jieyang 凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 冷
Wenchang 寒
Qionghai 寒
Singapore (Hainanese) 寒
Wu Shanghai 冷
Chongming 冷
Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
Danyang 冷
Hangzhou 冷
Ningbo 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Jinhua 冷
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冰, 凌
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冰
Mandarin Beijing 冰
Taiwan 冰
Tianjin 冰
Tangshan 冰
Cangzhou 冰
Baoding 冰
Shijiazhuang 冰
Chifeng 冰, 冰冰
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 冰
Harbin 冰
Shenyang 冰, 凍
Muping 冰
Qingdao 冰
Weifang (Weicheng) 凍凍
Weifang (Fangzi) 凍凍
Weifang (Hanting) 凍凍
Changyi 凍凍
Gaomi 凍凍
Zhucheng 凍凍
Anqiu 凍凍
Changle 凍凍
Linqu 凍凍
Qingzhou 凍凍
Shouguang 凍凍
Rizhao 凍凍
Wulian 凍凍
Jinan 冰, 凍凍
Luoyang 冰, 冰凌
Wanrong 冬凌
Zhengzhou 冰
Xi'an 冰
Dingbian 冰
Yinchuan 冰
Lanzhou 冰, 凍
Xining 冰
Ürümqi 冰
Wuhan 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍
Hong'an 凌冰
Chengdu 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒
Muli 凌冰子
Chongqing 冰, 凌冰兒
Guiyang 冰, 凌冰 in nature
Kunming 冰凌
Guilin 冰
Pingle 冰
Liuzhou 冰
Luzhai 冰
Wuming 冰
Binyang (Nanjie) 冰
Yizhou 冰
Luocheng (Dongmen) 冰
Tianlin (Langping) 凝
Xiangzhou (Nalu) 冰
Xuzhou 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰
Yangzhou 冰
Nanjing 冰, 凍
Hefei 冰凍, 冰
Chuzhou 冰凍
Nantong 凍
Qimen (Anling Junhua) 冰凍
Singapore 冰
Reshuitang (Longling) 冰
Mae Salong (Lancang) 冰
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 冰
Oudomxay 冰棒
Mikhaylovka (Taz) 冰
Cantonese Guangzhou 雪, 冰
Hong Kong 冰, 雪
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 冰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 冰
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 冰
Zhongshan (Chongkoumen Tanka) 冰, 雪
Taishan 冰
Taishan (Guanghai) 冰, 雪
Dongguan 冰, 雪
Yangjiang 冰
Wuzhou 冰
Yulin 冰
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冰
Hepu (Shatian) 冰
Guiping (Jintian) 冰
Guiping (Jiangkou) 冰
Guiping (Madong) 冰
Beiliu 冰
Baise 冰
Qinzhou 冰
Qinzhou (Changtan) 冰
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 冰
Beihai 冰
Beihai (Nankang) 冰
Beihai (Yingpan) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冰
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰, 霜 dated
Fusui (Qujiu) 冰, 霜 dated
Lingchuan (Yangjia) 冰
Danzhou 冰
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 冰
Singapore (Guangfu) 冰
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 冰
Móng Cái 冰
Yangon (Taishan) 冰
Mandalay (Taishan) 冰
Gan Nanchang 冰, 冰凌
Lichuan 冰凌
Pingxiang 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature
Yanshan 冰
Pengze 凌冰
Hakka Meixian 凝, 冰
Xingning 凝餅
Huidong (Daling) 凝
Dongguan (Qingxi) 冰
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冰
Wuhua (Huacheng) 硬凝
Wuhua (Changbu) 凝
Wuhua (Mianyang) 冰
Heyuan (Bendihua) 冰
Wengyuan 冰
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 硬凝
Liannan 冰
Jiexi 冰
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 冰
Changting 凌冰
Wuping 凌冰
Wuping (Yanqian) 凌冰
Wuping (Pingyu) 硬凝
Liancheng 凌冰
Liancheng (Peitian) 凌冰
Ninghua 凌冰
Yudu 冰
Ningdu 凌冰
Ruijin 凌冰
Shicheng 凌冰
Shangyou 硬構
Tonggu (Sandu) 凌冰
Ganzhou (Panlong) 凌冰
Dayu 凌冰
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冰
Liudui (S. Sixian) 冰
Hsinchu (Hailu) 冰
Dongshi (Dabu) 冰
Hsinchu (Raoping) 冰
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冰
Hong Kong 冰
Yangxi (Tangkou) 冰
Yangchun (Sanjia) 冰
Xinyi (Sihe) 雪
Xinyi (Qianpai) 冰
Gaozhou (Xindong) 冰
Dianbai (Shalang) 冰
Huazhou (Xin'an) 冰
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 冰
Lianjiang (Qingping) 冰
Mengshan (Xihe) 冰
Luchuan 冰
Bobai (Shahe) 冰
Bobai (Longtan) 冰
Bobai (Lingping) 冰
Beiliu (Gonghe) 冰
Xingye (Gaofeng) 冰
Lingui (Xiaojiang) 冰
Pingle (Tong'an) 冰
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 冰
Senai (Huiyang) 冰
Singkawang 雪
Pontianak (Meixian) 雪
Huizhou Jixi 冰, 凍冰
Shexian (Xianggao) 冰
Shexian (Daguyun) 冰, 凍冰
Qimen (Anling Minhua) 冰凍
Jin Taiyuan 冰, 冰凌
Datong 冰
Yunzhou 冰
Yunzhou (Xicetian) 冰凌
Xinzhou 冬蠟
Changzhi 冰凌
Linhe 冰
Jining 冰
Hohhot 冰
Handan 冰
Min Bei Jian'ou 冰, 霜冰
Pucheng (Shibei) 冰
Min Dong Fuzhou 冰
Gutian 冰
Min Nan Xiamen 冰, 霜
Quanzhou 冰, 霜
Zhangzhou 冰, 霜
Tainan 冰
Penang (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Singapore (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Manila (Hokkien) 霜
Pingnan (Pingtian) 冰
Guiping (Xiaowen) 冰
Guiping (Dongsheng) 冰
Guilin (Biyange) 冰
Chaozhou 霜, 冰
Shantou 冰
Jieyang 冰
Bangkok (Teochew) 霜水
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 冰
Pontianak (Teochew) 冰
Wenchang 冰
Haikou 冰
Min Zhong Yong'an 霜冰
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冰
Nanning (Gejiayuan) 冰
Nanning (Zhegulu) 冰
Nanning (Silian) 冰
Nanning (Xiuxiang) 冰
Binyang 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰
Northern Pinghua Lingui (Wutong) 冰
Lingui (Liutang) 冰
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 冰
Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) 冰
Guanyang (Guanyinge) 雪
Shehua Fu'an 冰
Fuding 冰
Luoyuan 冰
Sanming 冰
Shunchang 冰
Hua'an 冰
Guixi (Zhangping) 冰
Cangnan 冰
Jingning 冰
Lishui 冰
Longyou 冰
Chaozhou 冰
Fengshun 雪
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 涼槓
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 凝鉤子
Wu Shanghai 冰
Chongming 冰
Baoshan (Shuangcaodun) 冰
Baoshan (Luodian) 冰
Pudong (Zhoupu) 冰
Songjiang 冰
Suzhou 冰
Wujiang (Lili) 冰
Wujiang (Shengze) 冰
Wuxi 冰
Changshu 冰, 冰凍
Kunshan 冰
Jiaxing 冰
Changzhou 冰, 結冰
Liyang 冰
Yixing 冰
Danyang 冰, 凍
Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) 冰
Jingjiang 冰
Jiangyin 冰
Huzhou (Shuanglin) 冰
Hangzhou 冰
Fuyang 冰
Shaoxing 冰
Zhuji (Wangjiajing) 冰凍
Shengzhou (Chongren) 冰
Shengzhou (Taiping) 冰
Ningbo 冰
Yuyao 冰
Huangyan 冰
Wenzhou 冰, 霜冰 in nature
Quzhou 冰
Jinhua 冰
Jinhua (Tangxi) 冰
Yongkang 冰
Xiang Changsha 凌, 凌冰 in nature
Shuangfeng 構冷子
Xiangxiang 冰
Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) 凌構子
Hengshan 冰
Hengshan (Baiguo) 冰
Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) 冰, 凌, 凌構

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

凝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. congeal

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

凝 (eum 응 (eung))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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