霜
| ||||||||
Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]霜 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+9, 17 strokes, Cangjie input 一月木月山 (MBDBU), four-corner 10963, composition ⿱雨相)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1376, character 29
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42363
- Dae Jaweon: page 1885, character 24
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4070, character 2
- Unihan data for U+971C
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | 霜 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 霜 | |
| 2nd round simp. | ⿱⿻丅⿱冖⿰丶丶双 | |
Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sraŋ): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs).
Etymology
[edit]From 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ) with an s- (nominalizer) prefix (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): suang1
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): fǎng
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): shuàn
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фон (fon, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): soeng1
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): soeng1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): song1
- (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): song1
- Gan (Wiktionary): song1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): suon1
- Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sung1 / sng1 / sorng1
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): sung1
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): xyan1
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): song1
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): suan1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: shuāng
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄤ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shuang
- Wade–Giles: shuang1
- Yale: shwāng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuang
- Palladius: шуан (šuan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: suang1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suong
- Sinological IPA (key): /suaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: fǎng
- Sinological IPA (key): /faŋ²¹/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: shuàn
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): shuan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂuã³¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фон (fon, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fɑŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: soeng1
- Yale: sēung
- Cantonese Pinyin: soeng1
- Guangdong Romanization: sêng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sœːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: soeng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /søŋ²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: song1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ³³/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
- Jyutping++: song1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʃɔŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: song1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
- Hakka Romanization System: songˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: song1
- Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: songˋ
- Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: suon1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /suɒ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
- Sinological IPA (key): /souŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Jiangkou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sung1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬuŋ⁵³³/
- (Youyang)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /θuŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Nanri, Donghai)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬŋ̍⁵³³/
- (Xianyou, Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬŋ̍⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri, Donghai)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sorng1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: so̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬɒŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou, Fengting)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sorng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Youyang)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sorng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /θɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian, Jiangkou)
Note:
- sung1/sng1 - vernacular;
- sorng1 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng
- Tâi-lô: sng
- Phofsit Daibuun: sngf
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /sŋ̍³³/
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Changtai)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soⁿ
- Tâi-lô: sonn
- Phofsit Daibuun: svof
- Sinological IPA (Changtai): /sɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines, Singapore)
Note:
- sng - vernacular;
- song - literary.
Note:
- so1 - vernacular;
- suang1 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: sung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sʊŋ⁵³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Fuyang, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Wugniu: 1saon
- MiniDict: saon平
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 1saan
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Jiading): /sɑ̃⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /sɒ̃⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /sɑ̃⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sɑ̃⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /sɑ̃⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Fuyang): /sɔ̃⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /sɒŋ⁵²/
- Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /sɔ̃⁵²/
- Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /sɔ⁵³/
- (Northern: Changzhou, Hangzhou)
- (Jinhua)
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Fuyang, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: xyan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕy̯æn³³/
- (Loudi)
- Wiktionary: song1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: suan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /su̯an⁴⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: srjang
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]raŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sraŋ/
Definitions
[edit]霜
- frost
- frost-like powder
- (medicine) cream
- (literary, figurative) white
- (Southern Min) ice
Synonyms
[edit]Dialectal synonyms of 霜 (“frost”) [map]
Compounds
[edit]- 七十瓦上霜，八十不稀奇 (qīshí wǎ shàng shuāng, bāshí bù xīqí)
- 傲雪凌霜
- 傲雪欺霜
- 傲霜
- 傲霜枝
- 傲霜鬥雪 / 傲霜斗雪
- 兩鬢飛霜 / 两鬓飞霜
- 六月飛霜 / 六月飞霜 (liùyuèfēishuāng)
- 冒霜撥露 / 冒霜拨露
- 冰霜 (bīngshuāng)
- 冷若冰霜
- 冷霜霜
- 冽霜
- 凝霜 (níngshuāng)
- 初霜 (chūshuāng)
- 含霜
- 嚴霜 / 严霜 (yánshuāng)
- 字挾風霜 / 字挟风霜
- 孤霜
- 寒霜
- 履霜
- 履霜之戒
- 履霜堅冰 / 履霜坚冰
- 履霜知冰
- 披霜冒露
- 早霜
- 星霜 (xīngshuāng)
- 春露秋霜
- 晚霜 (wǎnshuāng)
- 柿霜 (shìshuāng)
- 欺霜傲雪
- 滿面雪霜 / 满面雪霜
- 潘鬢成霜 / 潘鬓成霜
- 無霜期 / 无霜期 (wúshuāngqī)
- 琨玉秋霜 (kūnyùqiūshuāng)
- 百草霜
- 眠霜臥雪 / 眠霜卧雪
- 砒霜 (pīshuāng)
- 秋霜
- 糖霜 (tángshuāng)
- 終霜 / 终霜
- 羊霜腸 / 羊霜肠
- 臥月眠霜 / 卧月眠霜
- 臥雪眠霜 / 卧雪眠霜
- 范履霜
- 草上霜
- 茯苓霜
- 葛屨履霜 / 葛屦履霜
- 蔗霜
- 蜜餞砒霜 / 蜜饯砒霜 (mìjiànpīshuāng)
- 蟲霜水旱 / 虫霜水旱
- 貴霜 / 贵霜 (Guìshuāng)
- 貴霜王朝 / 贵霜王朝
- 金雞納霜 / 金鸡纳霜 (jīnjīnàshuāng)
- 鋪霜湧雪 / 铺霜涌雪 (pūshuāngyǒngxuě)
- 防曬霜 / 防晒霜 (fángshàishuāng)
- 防霜林
- 降霜 (jiàngshuāng)
- 除霜 (chúshuāng)
- 雪上加霜 (xuěshàngjiāshuāng)
- 霏霜
- 霜兒 / 霜儿
- 霜凍 / 霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
- 霜天 (shuāngtiān)
- 霜威
- 霜害 (shuānghài)
- 霜月 (Shuāngyuè)
- 霜毫
- 霜淇淋 (shuāngqílín)
- 霜禽
- 霜舂雨薪
- 霜蹄
- 霜鋒 / 霜锋
- 霜降 (Shuāngjiàng)
- 霜隕 / 霜陨
- 霜雪 (shuāngxuě)
- 霜露之思
- 霜鬢 / 霜鬓 (shuāngbìn)
- 面霜 (miànshuāng)
- 風刀霜劍 / 风刀霜剑
- 風霜 / 风霜 (fēngshuāng)
- 飛霜 / 飞霜
- 飽經霜雪 / 饱经霜雪
- 飽經風霜 / 饱经风霜 (bǎojīngfēngshuāng)
- 鹽霜 / 盐霜 (yánshuāng)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “霜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]霜
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: しょう (shō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
- Kun: しも (shimo, 霜, Jōyō)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology
[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 霜 |
| しも Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
⟨simo₁⟩ → /simo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Harima Fudoki of 715 CE,[1] in turn from Proto-Japonic *simo.
Thought to be cognate with or derived from 下 (⟨simo1⟩ → shimo, “bottom, lower part”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- frost (ice crystals in objects exposed to the air)
- Synonym: フロスト (furosuto)
- (by extension) ice adhered inside an electric refrigerator
- (figurative) white hair
Derived terms
[edit]Idioms
[edit]- 霜を置く (shimo o oku)
Proverbs
[edit]- 霜を履んで堅氷至る (shimo o funde kenpyō itaru)
Proper noun
[edit]- a surname
References
[edit]- ^ “霜”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- “霜”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 霜 (MC srjang).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 사ᇰ (Yale: sang) in Gugeupbangeonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해), 1466.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 사ᇰ (sang) (Yale: sang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
[edit]
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Categories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Leizhou Min lemmas
- Puxian Min lemmas
- Southern Pinghua lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Sichuanese hanzi
- Dungan hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Taishanese hanzi
- Gan hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Jin hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Leizhou Min hanzi
- Puxian Min hanzi
- Southern Pinghua hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Xiang hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Sichuanese nouns
- Dungan nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Gan nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Leizhou Min nouns
- Puxian Min nouns
- Southern Pinghua nouns
- Wu nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 霜
- zh:Medicine
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese literary terms
- Southern Min Chinese
- Intermediate Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading しょう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading しやう
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading そう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading さう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しも
- Japanese terms spelled with 霜 read as しも
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Odaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 霜
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese surnames
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters