gan

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English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Perhaps connected with Middle English gane, or possibly from Welsh geneu, Cornish ganau (mouth).[1]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (cheek, jaw, chin).[2]

Alternative forms

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Noun

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gan (uncountable)

  1. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (obsolete, UK, thieves' cant) Mouth.

Etymology 2

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Verb

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gan

  1. (archaic) simple past of gin

Etymology 3

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Probably a variant of gang, from Middle English gangen, from Old English gangan (to step; walk; go).

Alternative forms

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Verb

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gan (third-person singular simple present gans, present participle gannin, simple past went or gan, past participle gone)

  1. (Northumbria) To go.
    • 2011, Chris Dockerty, Ramblings of a Geordie:
      The one problem I had here was my broad Geordie accent which the teachers tried their hardest to make me lose. I couldn't understand their problem with it because I could understand myself. Whenever I told them, "Am gannin yem", they would say, "No, Christopher. It's not "am gannin yem", it's "I am going home".

References

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  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 158

Further reading

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  • Frank Graham, editor (1987), “GAN”, in The New Geordie Dictionary, Rothbury, Northumberland: Butler Publishing, →ISBN.
  • Scott Dobson, Dick Irwin “gan”, in Newcastle 1970s: Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group[2], archived from the original on 2024-09-05.
  • Todd's Geordie Words and Phrases, George Todd, Newcastle, 1977[3]
  • “Gan”, in Palgrave’s Word List: Durham & Tyneside Dialect Group[4], archived from the original on 2024-09-05, from F[rancis] M[ilnes] T[emple] Palgrave, A List of Words and Phrases in Everyday Use by the Natives of Hetton-le-Hole in the County of Durham [] (Publications of the English Dialect Society; 74), London: Published for the English Dialect Society by Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, 1896, →OCLC.
  • Northumberland Words, English Dialect Society, R. Oliver Heslop, 1893–4
  • Bill Griffiths, editor (2004), “gan”, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Northumbria University Press, →ISBN.

Anagrams

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Antillean Creole

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Etymology

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From French gant.

Noun

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gan

  1. glove

Bambara

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gan

  1. to jump

Etymology 2

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Adjective

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gan

  1. hot

Verb

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gan

  1. (transitive) to heat up

References

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Dharug

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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gan

  1. reptile
  2. (specifically) goanna

References

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  • Jakelin Troy (1993) The Sydney Language, Canberra, →ISBN, page 53

Dutch Low Saxon

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Verb

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gan

  1. Alternative spelling of gaon

Garo

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Bengali গান (gan).

Noun

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gan

  1. song

Irish

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Etymology

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From Old Irish cen (besides; without),[1] from Proto-Celtic *kina (on this side of); compare Middle Welsh am-gen (otherwise), Breton ken (otherwise).

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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gan (plus nominative, triggers no mutation in specific references but lenition in general references)

  1. without
  2. not (in conjunction with a verbal noun)

Usage notes

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  • In standard written Irish, triggers lenition (except of d, s, t) of unmodified nouns, e.g. gan phingin (without a penny). Does not trigger lenition of modified nouns, e.g. gan pingin ina phóca (without a penny in his pocket). In the meaning ‘not’, does not trigger lenition of either a verbal noun or on the direct object of the verbal noun, e.g. gan ceannach (not to buy), gan pingin a shaothrú (not to earn a penny).
  • Unlike most prepositions, gan takes the nominative case of nouns, as shown by the lack of mutation of consonant-initial masculine singular nouns after the definite article, for example gan an plúr (without the flour), and the presence of t-prothesis of vowel-initial masculine singular nouns after the article, for example gan an t-airgead (without the money).
  • Unlike most prepositions, gan does not form prepositional pronouns, but is instead followed by the disjunctive form of a personal pronoun, for example gan mé (without me), gan sinn (without us), gan é (without him).

Quotations

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  • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 127:
    ȷ imə šē leš gon ēn ńī ēkāl.
    [D’imigh sé leis gan aon ní a fheiceáil.]
    He left without seeing anything.
  • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 127:
    l̄aurofŭī n̥ ʒēlǵə fōs əŕ fȧ nə ciŕə, ʒā mĭøx gn̥ n̄āŕə ə ve orī fuhə.
    [Labhrófaí an Ghaeilge fós ar feadh na tíre dhá mbeadh gan náire a bheith oraibh fúithi.]
    Irish would still be spoken in the whole country if you pl were not ashamed of it.
  • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 128:
    hāniǵ šē ʒā rā, n̄ax mĭai šə sə mŭȧlə ən̄óxt agəs gon kūrm̥ ə ʒlakə fȳ.
    [Tháinig sé dhá rá nach mbeidh sé sa mbaile anocht agus gan cúram a ghlacadh faoi.]
    He came to say he won’t be home tonight and not to worry about him.

References

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  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cen”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 127
  3. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 38, page 21
  4. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 127

Further reading

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Japanese

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Romanization

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gan

  1. Rōmaji transcription of がん
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ガン

Jawe

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Noun

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gan

  1. tattoo

References

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  • André-Georges Haudricourt et Françoise Ozanne-Rivière, Dictionnaire thématique des langues de la région de Hienghène (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : pije - fwâi - nemi - jawe, Lacito - Documents, Asie-Austronésie 4, SELAF no. 212, Peeters, 1982

Latvian

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Conjunction

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gan

  1. both, and

Usage notes

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Used in pairs: gan jauna, gan skaista "both young and beautiful"

Mandarin

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Romanization

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gan

  1. Nonstandard spelling of gān.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of gǎn.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of gàn.

Usage notes

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  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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From Old English ġeġn.

Preposition

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gan

  1. Alternative form of gain (against)

Etymology 2

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From Old English gān.

Verb

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gan

  1. (Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of gon (to go)

Etymology 3

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From Old English gān, ġegān.

Verb

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gan

  1. Alternative form of gon (gone)


Northern Kurdish

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Verb

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gan (present stem -gê-)

  1. to have sexual intercourse with somebody, to fuck somebody

Noun

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gan ?

  1. having sex, fucking

Nupe

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gan

  1. to exceed; to surpass
    Èmì mi li gan èmì u.My house is cleaner than her house.
    U ge gan kpáátá.It's the best. (literally, “It is good surpassing all”)
    Gànsìkiya ligwa gankò.The truth washes the hands more than soap.

Usage notes

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Used to construct the comparative and superlative.

Derived terms

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Old Dutch

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *gān.

Verb

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gān

  1. to go

Conjugation

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Middle Dutch: gâen
    • Dutch: gaan
      • Afrikaans: gaan
      • Javindo: ha, haat
      • Jersey Dutch: xân, xâne
      • Petjo: gaan, haan
    • Limburgish: gaon

Further reading

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  • gān”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old English

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *gān, from Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (to leave). The verb was defective in Germanic and may only have existed in the present tense.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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gān

  1. to go
    • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 21, verse 3
      Ðā cwæð Simon Petrus tō him, Ic wylle gān on fixað. Þā cwǣdon hī tō him, And wē wyllað gān mid þē. And hī ēodon ūt, and ēodon on scip, and ne fēngon nān þing on þǣre nihte.
      Then said Simon Peter to them. I want to go fishing. Then they said to him, and we want to go with you. And they went out and went in a ship, and caught nothing in the night.
    • late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
      ...hē wolde gān ūt of ðām porte...
      ...he desired to go out of the town...
    • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
      ...swā hwǣr swā hē ēode and hī ealle āstōdon ansunde ætforan him þe on ðām fænne ǣr lagon.
      ...wheresoever he went, and they all rose up sound before him, who aforetime lay in the mire.
  2. to walk
    • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
      ...and hē lēop sona cunniġende his fēðes hwæðer hē cūðe gān.
      and he leapt up immediately, trying his power of motion, whether he could walk.
    • late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
      Sē wer meahte unēaðe þurh hine selfne ārīsan oþþe gān.
      The man could barely get up or walk by himself.
    • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 6:66
      Siþþan maniġe his leornungcneohta ċierdon onbæc and lenġ ne ēodon mid him.
      After that, many of his disciples turned back and no longer walked with him.
  3. to enter
    • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 24:38-39
      On þǣm dagum ǣr þǣm flōde wǣron menn etende and drincende, and wīfiġende and ġifte sellende, ōþ þone dæġ þe Nōe on þā earċe ēode, and hīe nysson ǣr sē flōd cōm and nam hīe ealle.
      In the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, and they didn't know until the flood came and took them all.

Usage notes

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  • The expected present participle, gānde, is very rare. Instead gangende is almost always used, from the synonym gangan: Līf nis būtan gangendu sċadu ("Life is but a walking shadow").

Conjugation

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Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Old Frisian

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *gān.

Verb

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gān

  1. to go

Conjugation

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Descendants

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  • Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge)
  • West Frisian: gean

Old High German

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Alternative forms

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  • gēnsee there for more

Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *gān.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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gān

  1. to go

Usage notes

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  • The ā-form was found especially in Alemannic and in western Franconian. In the former, the vocalism was regularized early on (du gās, er gāt); in the latter, the West Germanic vowel alternation (du geis, he geit) has been preserved even to this day.

Descendants

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See also

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Old Saxon

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *gān.

Verb

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gān

  1. to go

Conjugation

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Descendants

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Salar

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Etymology

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Cognate with Turkmen gan.

Pronunciation

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  • (Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Xinjiang) IPA(key): /qɑn/

Noun

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gan

  1. blood

Derived terms

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References

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  • Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “gan”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 460
  • Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “gan”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 218
  • 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “gan”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎[5], 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 109
  • Yakup, Abdurishid (2002) “gan”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon[6], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 104

Scots

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Northern Middle English gan, from Old English gān (to go). Past tense supplied by Old English wenden (to wend).

Verb

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gan (third-person singular simple present gans, present participle gan, simple past went or wett, past participle been)

  1. to go

Scottish Gaelic

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Pronoun

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gan

  1. them (direct object)
    A bheil sibh gan creidsinn?Do you believe them?

Usage notes

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  • Before words beginning with b, f, m or p gam is used instead.
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Sumerian

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Romanization

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gan

  1. Romanization of 𒃶 (gan)

Ternate

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Etymology

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From older gani.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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gan

  1. Alternative form of gani (louse)

References

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  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Tok Pisin

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Etymology

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From English gun.

Noun

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gan

  1. gun

Turkmen

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kān (blood). Cognate with Turkish kan.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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gan (definite accusative gany, plural ganlar)

  1. blood

Declension

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Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • gan” in Enedilim.com
  • gan” in Webonary.org

Vietnamese

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Etymology

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From Proto-Vietic *t-kaːn, from Old Chinese (OC *s.kˤa[r]) (SV: can). Cognate with Chut [Rục] təkaːn¹ ("bold").

Displaced native lòm, now only found in the compounds đỏ lòm and chua lòm.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(classifier ) gan

  1. (anatomy) a liver
  2. (figurative) audacity; gall; balls
    to ganaudacious
    nhát gan / gan thỏ đếchicken

Noun

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(classifier cây) gan

  1. (botany) Malus doumeri
    Synonym: sơn tra

Adjective

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gan

  1. hepatic
  2. courageous, brave, tough

Derived terms

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Derived terms

Anagrams

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Volapük

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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gan (nominative plural gans)

  1. (male or female) goose

Declension

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Hypernyms

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Hyponyms

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Derived terms

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See also

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Welsh

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Welsh cant, from Old Welsh cant, from Proto-Celtic *kanta.[1] Cognate with Breton gant and Ancient Greek κατά (katá, against; downwards).

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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gan (triggers soft mutation)

  1. (North Wales) used with bod to indicate possession
    Synonym: gyda
    Mae gen i wallt hir.
    I have long hair.
    (literally, “Long hair is with me.”)
  2. by (after a passive construction)
    Cafodd y car ei ddwyn gan ddau llanc.
    The car was stolen by two youths.
  3. by (authorship)
  4. used with verbal noun to indicate an action simultaneous with that of the main verb, while, whilst
    • King, Gareth (1993) Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars), London and New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 131:
      Aeth o gwmpas y stafell gan ofyn yr un cwestiwn i bawb.
      He went around the room [while] asking everyone the same question.
Usage notes
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See gan on Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru for more information.

Inflection
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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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gan

  1. Soft mutation of can.

Noun

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gan

  1. Soft mutation of can.

References

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  1. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gan”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Mutation

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Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
can gan nghan chan
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Wolof

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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gan (definite form gan gi)

  1. stranger
  2. guest

Yoruba

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Alternative forms

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gàn

  1. (transitive) to disparage, criticize, belittle
    Synonyms: pẹ̀gàn, ṣáátá, ṣàbùkù, kẹ́gàn
    ọ̀tá mí gànmy enemy disparages me
Usage notes
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  • gan before a direct object
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gan

  1. (intransitive) to become stiff, to harden
    kankéré ti ganThe concrete has hardened
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gán

  1. (transitive) to stub, to clear (plants or a forest)
    Synonym: ṣán
    àgbẹ́ gán' igbóThe farmer cleared the forest
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gán

  1. to use something very sparingly
    Synonym: sún
    mo ń gán owó lòI am using money very sparingly
Derived terms
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Etymology 5

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gán

  1. to hit something with a thrown or spun object
    mo ń gán owó lòI am using money very sparingly
Derived terms
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Etymology 6

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gán

  1. to tack or stich something together
    Synonym: rán
    mo gán etí aṣọ pọ̀I hemmed the edge of the cloth together
Derived terms
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  • gbá (to stich together the edges of a mat)

Etymology 7

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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gán

  1. to snatch something in the air, especially with one hand
    Synonyms: hán, wọ́n
    mo fọwọ́ gán bọ́ọ̀lù náà pákóI used my hand to snatch the ball swiftly from the air
Derived terms
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